Analysis of Rio Tinto Mining Company

epitome of Rio Tinto Mining CompanyIndustry Rio TintoRio Tinto is a leading global mining decipher that focuses on finding, mining, processing and commercializeing the Earths mineral resources 1. Its mining mathematical process operates globally ranging from Copper additions in America, coal in South Africa to weigh in Australia. Its modern revenue in GBP sits at 27.22bn operating at a winnings income of 3.72bn. Year on year Rio Tinto grew net income at 433%. Since January 2016 fortune charges hold risen from 1700, to 3600, as the mining sector has exploded. Its no great surprise, with the costs of iron ores rising, the manufacturing sector exploding, and the demand for commodities having gone done the roof.Its main competitors argon also mining companies Anglo Ameri piece of tail plc, Glencore PLC and BHP to name a few. They exact followed akin trends to Rio Tinto and have seen their share equipment casualtys soar in the close recent months. Table 1.0 shows the compa rison in debt and equity between the quadruple companies.2015Debt (mil USD)Equity (mil USD)RIOLSE23,30037,349AALLSE17,96716,569GLENLSE48,98041,254BLTLSE31,17064,768In 2016 Rio Tinto has managed to cut its debt to $18,372mil and grew its equity to $39,290mi.2)By adept looking at figure 2.2 we cease determine how volatile the RIO share cost has been especially since the winter of 2015. It seems e truly some other month (since Nov 15), has any been strongly collateral or strongly negative. Before these months, the share bell followed a similar trend to that of the FTALLSH with a few exceptions (early 2013).The overall monthly spurious soften sits at 0.4%, 0.5% lower than the modal(a) mean issuance of FTALLSH. The standard deviation ( fortune) is also considerably higher at 8.31% (compared to 3.04% FTALLSH). As an investor, I would want my average succumb to be higher as the risk became higher. In this instance, this is not the case. FTALLSH has a higher outlet notwiths tanding a frequently lower risk, and as an investor, this would be my preferred choice. We moldiness take into account that if as an investor we took a long position with RIO at JAN 16, our share observe has doubled.Annual mean winnings selective information is measurable byWhen looking at one-year data (October of each year), we can see the mean return has significantly increased on two the FTALLSH and the RIO.The slope of the line through a portfolio is presumptuousness by the Sharpe ratio (figure 2.4). The risk free interest rate per annum is 1%. FTALLSH has higher annual returns than the risk free interest rate, but RIO has much lower returns. As an investor, you want rectify returns for higher risk. If the return is less than that of a risk free investing, the investment in RIO is not worth undertaking.3)Cor congener footmarks the peak in which two commercialises move in relation with each other. The correlation value ranges from -1 to +1. If the correlation i s 0, the grocerys do not move in relation at all. Both the annual and monthly data has a modal(a) correlation against the FTALLSH. This is probably mainly affected by the last 6 months data shown in figure 2.1, with how volatile the RIO trade has been. Covariance is also measured by how changes in one market are associated with changes in the other market. It doesnt really give the strength of the race between the two markets as well as correlation does. This is why it isnt used to determine the relationship but it is vital in finding the of import of the portfolio.Expected return = Volatility = Annual,Monthly,Annually, the of import of the RIO market vs the FTALLSH, is 0.75, to be anticipate, as the correlation is mediocre, and the mean return is also high. The Beta of the market should be exactly 1. Therefore, the asset is defensive. The expected excess return is linked to its risk. As the market has a Beta of 1, and the Beta of RIO is .75, the RIO beta is 25% less volatile . Monthly, the beta is supra 1 and is 44% more than volatile. If the market rises or falls by 1, the RIO return lead rise or fall by 1.44.The cracking Asset Pricing Model allows the investor to identify the best portfolio of risky assets without acute the expected return on each of securities 3. The CAPM equation (annual return) implies a positive result. As the annual return suggested by the CAPM is only 8.5%, and the annual return computed for RIO is 1.24%, the market is under-performing, and investors are being under-compensated for bearing the market risk. Monthly return is slightly positive.As the monthly return for RIO is 0.40%, and the monthly CAPM is 0.09%, Rio is outperforming the return suggested by the CAPM. Therefore, investors are being over-compensated for bearing the market-risk. The CAPM also implies that the annual return has a higher risk but worse return, and the monthly return has a lower risk but higher return 6.LimitationsMonthly risk free rate will not be exactly 1% every single monthReturn on the market. The market return at any given time can be negative.CAPM is a backwards looking model. Anything can happen (environmentally, semipolitically, etcetera) that can change the marketFTALLSH is a limitation and is not the true market portfolio.AnnuallyBeta = 0.75. If the market rose by 5%, the return would rise byIf the market fell by 10%MonthlyBeta = 1.44. If the market rose by 5%, the return would rise byIf the market fell by 10%The monthly return has higher opportunity of greater returns, (the Beta is higher), however it also has a higher run a risk of bigger losses. If the markets rose by 5%, annually the investor would make a 4% return, vs 6.8% return on monthly data.Annual ReturnThis government agency short cheat oning RIO Tintos shares, and buying excess shares of market x.If the portfolio returns are uncorrelated, this gives a correlation of 0.As we bonk = 0, the equation becomesWorking out the portfolios Beta4) CAPM Retu rn = 8.5%To work out the PV of the project the alliance is considering, the discount instrument is requisiteed to be fill inn. Assuming the companys required rate of return is given by the expected return on its equity, i.e. the CAPM return. As the CAPM equation has computed the expected returns, this is therefore the discount rate.The present value is worth more than the sign value of 554,509.46500,000 so its a good deal for the company. This project could be set up for a multitude of reasons, which may affect its markets price in a positive way, such as new jobs for a local area, which in turn will boost the company politically which may also contribute to the success of the company. It is also important to level that even though the present value of the cost of this project is better than the contract being offered, RIO Tinto wont be positive in net return until the 9th year.The NPV is positive as expected, so the benefits outweigh the costs 3.If the company wanted to prac ticed make cash money on 500,000 they could just invest (risk-free) receiving, 569,046 in 13 years time.5)The rule of comparables, values a firms cash flows directly, based on other firms (usually in a similar industry), that have similar cash flows or are expected to get under ones skin similar cash flows. The justness of star Price states that, If equivalent investment opportunities trade simultaneously in antithetic competitive markets, then they must trade for the same price in both markets 3. apply the Law of One Price we can use a company to measure (estimate) the valuation of a very similar company. As everyone knows, identical companies do not exist, but companies such as RIO, can have very similar competitors that prices can be judged by.The price/earnings ratio (share price / earnings per share), is the most commonly used ratio to measure the companys valuation. The more comparables there are, the better the reduced influence of any given company, do the overall res ult more trustworthy. When choosing the correct comparables to partake against RIO, they all should have similar growth rates, similar required rate of returns and similar remembering of earnings. I have chosen the deuce-ace other mining companies, (Anglo American plc, Glencore plc, BHP) to compare against RIO. To value a companys current price using multiples apply three other similar mining companies, to work out an average forward P/E ratio.According to Thomson Banker 9, the average P/E ratio of the three other companies (19.00) is much higher than the unfeigned 10.98 RIO value (+73.04%). The Last Price Close of RIO on the 20/02/2017 was 36.46. The value we calculated is much higher than the actual value. Therefore, we have overvalued the share price, and should be bought. The P/E multiple is high for companies that have higher growth rates. The current P/E ratios are high crosswise the board, with AAL, the only company estimating to grow its P/E next year. wholly three oth ers are expecting to stop growing, with BHP (BLT), to step back massively.The companies compared above, are all mining companies, having owing(p) performance in the markets, but realistically quite different. From figure 1.1, we know the difference in Equity and Debt values are similar, but RIO has much higher earnings per share (2.84), than any of the other three companies. opposite than the Forward P/E ratio, RIO has the best values for all the metrics. We know that when we average the other three companies out, that the multiples based analysis will in the main undervalue RIO. The differences are due to differences in expected risk, growth rate, etc. Multiples based valuation should ignore major anomalies, (e.g. GLENs 33.12 forward P/E ratio. Using the two other ratios gives an average of 11.98 which is much closer to the actual value of RIO). The set of comparables that were chosen (bar AAL), were not the best choice to match against RIO, as galore(postnominal) of the metric s were so far apart.Q6)Arbitrage opportunities proceed when a companys price across two markets is different, and will always have a positive Net Present Value. An investor, (who is known to be acquisitive and want any possible risk free return), will presently attempt to buy the lower priced share on one market, and sell the same share on the higher priced market, instantly making him/her a no risk return. anyone will attempt to trade using this method quickly, therefore, the lower priced market will rise and the higher priced market will fall, both eventually ending up at the same price. All markets aim to have an absence of arbitrage to stop any sordid investors from exploiting risk free returns.If equivalent investment opportunities trade simultaneously in different competitive markets, then they must trade for the same price in both markets 3. If the Law of One Price is being apply correctly, there will be in absence of arbitrage across all markets. Bond Prices and intere st rates also need to follow the Law of One Price. If a bond of a certain market gave a higher return than the risk free rate, they both need to follow the Law of One Price. The risk-free interest rate must equal the return from the investment of the risk-free bond.American Depository receipt are quick and easy ways for investors in the US, to trade with strange companies 10. US banks will buy remote shares and reissue them on US markets. However, each share does not equal the same amount as the original market. US banks will often group shares together, and reissue them on an individual basis on their markets. ADRs exist because foreign companies dont want the expense or fire of listing their stocks on the foreign to them US market 10. To invest in an ADR, brokers will need to buy foreign shares of said company, on their individual markets. He/she will then deliver these shares to a Custodian bank. another(prenominal) bank, the Depositary bank issues receipts, on the basis th ose shares held by Custodian banks. Those receipts can then be traded freely across US markets, with payments, allotnds etc., being give in US dollars. ADRs save money by reducing foreign taxes and administration costs, and also because they give the company exposure.There are many risks involved with ADRs. Like everyday market shares, there are political risks, inflationary risks etc. However, with ADRs, there are exchange rate risks. Using Tesco as the example 8, as the exchange rate of USD GBP continues to improve for the US market, many investors will be looking to buy into British companies as its cheaper for them to do so. As the British and US markets trade at different hours, the closing prices of the Tesco share will be different, but in the normal market, the price of Tesco will be the same across all of the three different exchanges, (the Law of One Price), relative to that of their respective growth rates.Every Tesco ADR share represents 3 normal shares 8. The current value of Tescos is 189.77p, and the value of its ADR = $7.19 7. If we divide the ADR value by 3.Using the current exchange rate of 1 = $1.25512 41.91 is slightly higher than the actual value of Tesco (1.90), but this is not taking into consideration the costs of administration, and exchange fees. The above is showing how the Law of One Price is applied across two different markets.Bibliography1 FT. (2017) Rio Tinto PLC, RIO LSE summary FT.com. accessible at https//markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=RIOLSE (Accessed 24 February 2017).2 About us (2017) for sale at http//www.riotinto.com/about-us-108.aspx (Accessed 24 February 2017).3 Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2013) Corporate finance. 3rd edn. Harlow Pearson/Education.4 GBP British chock up (no date) accessible at http//www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?From=GBPTo=USD (Accessed 24 February 2017).5 MINING (2011) Market data metal prices and world mining markets. Available at http//www.mining.com/market-data/ (A ccessed 24 February 2017).6 Payne, R. (no date) Foundations of Finance. Available at http//moodle.city.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=22726section-0 (Accessed 24 February 2017).7 Tesco PLC (ADR) OTCMKTS TSCDY quotes news Google finance (2017) Available at https//www.google.co.uk/finance?cid=664658 (Accessed 24 February 2017).8 Tescoplc (2016) ADR information. Available at https//www.tescoplc.com/investors/shareholder-centre/adr-information/ (Accessed 24 February 2017).9 Thomson ONE banker (no date) Available at http//banker.thomsonib.com (Accessed 24 February 2017).10 Staff, I. (2003) American depositary receipt ADR, in Available at http//www.investopedia.com/terms/a/adr.asp (Accessed 24 February 2017).