An evaluation of the suitability of the Istisna contract to financing Essay

An evaluation of the suitability of the Istisna bewilder to financing small enterprises - Essay ExampleThese banks offer work based on religious teachings and laws. The banks continue to provide innovative financial products aimed at filling the active gaps in the financial attention. These banks call for used a philanthropic approach, adopted from Islamic teaching, to offer amply smell services to customers. One of these approaches has been the Istisna contract. Based on the Sunnah of the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) this contract has transformed the banking industry immensely (Mahlknecht, 2009). The use of this contract may be enormously beneficial to people seeking door-to-door funding for small businesses.The contract and its use by Islamic banksThe Istisna contract falls under the family line of manufacturing contracts. It was created by the Islamic Financial Institution in line with the Istisna believes. The contract is strongly related to the shariah. In Arabic, the word I stisna heart making a request to someone to build, construct or compensate something for an opposite. This contract is based on the principle meaning of the word. The contract, therefore, involves harmonys for sale and purchase between two individuals. The items under sermon in the contract agreements of Istisna atomic number 18 non-existent. This can be termed as the greatest difference between the Istisna and other financial contracts within the industry (Warde, 2000). This has led to the identification of the Istisna as a exceptional sale agreement. inside the scope of the Istisna contract, the agreement is normally based on trust between the parties. The asset in the agreement normally has to be constructed or construct in a later date. The parties normally agree on the date in which the finished product should be delivered. The process of creating an Istisna contract needs to be handled with respectable care. The Shariah law dictates that a commodity think for sale must in the hands on the seller when the sale is being make (Mahlknecht, 2009). The seller must also posses the ownership of the product intended for sale. A product to be sold must also have been gained through acceptable means by the Islamic law. The Istisna contract, however, seems to offer a slightly different ideology. In the Istisna contract, the products being sold are normally, not in their final form. The core aspect of the contract becomes the religious values attached to the agreement. whole elements of the contract are based upon trust and belief in the ability of the manufacturing party to deliver items. The quality and quantity of the product is expected to meet the agreed upon standards. In the contract, the parties agree on the specifications of the goods to be manufactured as well as the date of completion of the manufacturing process. The cost price of the items can also be another element agreed upon by the contracting parties. All these elements are done through agre ements made by the contracting parties. Within the scope of the Istisna contract, the Islamic financial institutions are requested by customers to manufacture a product. The product is manufactured by the financial institution on behalf of the customer. Upon completion of the construction, the product is indeed delivered to the customer for payment. Trust becomes essential as the customer may not be able to furnish for the payment of the products delivered. An important note to make here is that the contract terms cannot be changed once they have been agreed upon. This becomes essential in ensuring that each party delivers its part of the bargain. Failure by either party, though, straight off makes the contract obsolete. The

Trail of Tears Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trail of rupture - Essay ExampleTheir journey did not end there. Next, they followed an old trail to Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and continued to the Ohio River. From there they began cover into southern Illinois near the mouth of the Cumberland. The death suffered by this innocent nation is staggering. One of every 4 Cherokee died on this pressure journey. The journey was named the trail of tears because of all the death experienced and witnessed by the Cherokee. perchance the most compelling part of this piece was the story of Tsali. Tsali made the ultimate sacrifice. Knowing full puff up that he would be killed, he fought back and ultimately surrendered after killing two men. Indeed, he was a hero. His story is one that this piece takes pride in without over stating the point. Whether we wish to or not, we are forced to visualize this period through the prose presented by Brown. She allows the reader to understand that the Trail of tears is not dependable a hokey title to some sa d group. It was an atrocity that made that trail and we ought to drive in it and know it well.

Will fax it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Will fax it - demonstrate ExampleThe success of the participation can be explained by the extremely high quality of the products offered, the around-the-clock evaluation and restructuring of the customers support which enforce the creation of a friendly and effective support available on a continuous basis to the companys customers. The perspectives for the company in the future seem to be positive. The company has managed to obtain a significant share of the global telecommunications market and to control the development of its competitors through with(predicate) the continuous research of the trends and the requirements of the telecommunications industry.In order to evaluate Vodafones financial performance particularly regarding the companys shareholders we should present and evaluate the particular financial results (as stated in the companys grudges) which render the companys current financial strength but also its prospects for the future. We should also take into account that even when the financial results present a very positive aspect of a companys financial performance, it is sometimes an issue of temporary conditions and in any case that one would proceed to the investment in a particular company, he should take into account that there is always the risk involved. In this context, Drury (2001, 222) states that risk is applied to a situation where there are several possible outcomes and there is relevant past experience to enable statistical evidence to be produced fro predicting the possible outcomes while uncertainty exists where there are several possible outcomes, but there is little previous statistical evidence to enable the possible outcomes to be predicted. This differentiation between uncertainty and risk is practically with no particular significance especially when the amount which is going to be invested in a specific company is significant. In this procedure there is no space for uncertainty but it is

Large Scale Software Development Research Paper

bulky Scale Softw ar Development - Research Paper ExampleCollege diploma courses take three old age and ar offered by various colleges across the country.The majority of the people i.e. 80% live in unhopeful poverty i.e. they cannot spend more than one dollar per day. Due to this most students cannot afford to pay for their gentility expenses which cover tuition, building and development expenses, food and catering, money to buy books and lastly the school uniform. Before isolated bringing up was introduced most of the student dropped out of school due to lack of school fees. The government at that time was corrupt and very inefficient, these lend to a massive deterioration of the country education sector, and international funds were also not available as donor funds were withheld due to the many turpitude scandals. In January 2003, the national rainbow coalition government took power with the promise to bring free primary education to help the poor illiterate student to at tain basic education. Free primary education was employ. This axiom a massive enrollment of a student with classes which had 50 students now energize more than one C students. In Nairobi, the student population tripled. Free primary education has been advantageous. Many unlearned Kenyan have benefited from it. It was surprising that even old men joined the primary school. The limitations were however noticeable as the teachers work load became enormous such that they were not able to handle the number of students. This, in a way, lends to a decay in the overall performance of public primary schools or. The classes are typically overcrowded.In 2008 the government implemented free secondary education, free secondary education has many setbacks as a student are still required to pay some amount in terms of development fees. Education in private schools, unlike the public school, is high tech with state of the art computers, swimming pools, well-trained teachers, student embarkmen t facilities among other facilities. The student is however required to pay a lot of money to join these schools, these schools are dominated by the middle class and high-class citizens who can afford the fees charged.

Investment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Investment uprightness - Essay ExampleIn some countries including United Kingdom, money laundering would be treated as a severe crime and persons indulged in money laundering would be punished strictly. It is not essential that money laundering is restricted to only organized crime, it may be employed to create recent assets or to increase the present assets illegally so that it would hamper the national economic growth array of any nation in terms of gross domestic product3. The measures which lead to tax manipulations and faultyhttp//74.125.153.132/ explore?q=cacheWDGICRzCIJoJwww.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1988_en.pdf+vienna+convention+against+illicit+traffic+innarcotic+Drugs+and+psychotropic+substances(1988)&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=inAs discussed earlier, money laundering may be operated by different agencies or persons ranging from private individuals to terrorists at both national and global levels. The main concern of the society now a days is the role of money laundering played in strengthening the organization and financial health of terrorist outfits which is highly dangerous for establishing world peace4. There are sympathisers operated at various levels from the society who support terrorists by financing them through illegal instrument which also come under money laundering. Hence in that location is a strong connecting link between money laundering and terrorist financing. The alarming thing before us at this moment is the increasing magnitude of the problem of money laundering. Various types of processes are involved in terrorist financing terrorists and money laundering is most important means out of these processes. Peoplefrom regular streams akin employees, scientists and artists may be involved in online transactions which finance the terrorist outfits. Hawala is one of the most important means through which money is laundered. Terrorist organizations like Alkhaida got tremendous benefit through hawala transactions in building their

See Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

See Below - Essay ExampleFor instance, the incision of homeland security views immigrants as source of insecurity. On the other hand, immigration agencies consider immigrants a look at item. Consequently, policymakers and law enforcement agencies view immigrants as an economic burden.These views are related to the objectives or responsibility of each(prenominal) of the stakeholders. For example, stakeholders that are concerned with the countrys planning and policy have to factor the consequence of immigrants in each of their policy. In the process, immigrants get out be represented as a deficit. Consequently, facilitators of immigrations such as immigration agencies will view immigrants as part of their trade (Borjas 1095). Such stakeholders will be reluctant in condemn immigration. Evidently, policymakers and law enforcement agencies will consider immigration a source of instability and hence the restriction proposal. face of immigration stakeholders are common news items. For instance, African immigrants have always been associated with criminal activities. Although these accusations are baseless, they affects immigrants from African countries. Similarly, Chinese immigrants have been accused with economic downfall that is currently being experienced. These allegations criminalize immigration and

Formal memo(globalization) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ceremonious memo(globalization) - Essay ExampleThe concept also relies of consensus and cooperation among nations (Boudreaux 2007)The world globalization was already used in the 1960s, and its true meaning was not sought until the 1990s, and especially after 9/11. Its meaning is not all in all clear to everyone. Perhaps the best definition was found by the Carnegie Endowment website Globalization is a motion of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment, and support by information technology (Boudreaux 2007). Most of the worlds cooperation is unintentional and unstructured, and comes in the form of trade, and peradventure the cooperation of providing aid to poor countries, or that following some catastrophic disaster. Many think of globalization as something that causes competition among the worlds countries and their commerce, trade and exchanges. What many hope that globa lization will bring is a beneficial coordination of the plans and actions of millions of people around the world, as a system of global cooperation. Healthy competition unite with a model of cooperation when it comes to resources, the environment, pooling of services, and provision of goods, seems like a great combination. A vast web (Boudreaux 2007) of cooperation seems credible when we consider the speed of modern transportation and communication. It is necessary, to minimize ecological impact.The readings I plan to discharge assimilate a potential of several deductions and conclusions, which will be of great interest to companies, trade groups, environmental movements, fabrication leaders, social forums, commercial syndicates and lobby groups. My proposal can reach a number of these, of which I shall make a list. To have the greatest reach, a website with relevant information would be a good goal.3. Globalization, a book by Donald Boudreaux, which provides some relevant infor mation about its

Successful Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Successful Business - Assignment ExampleUp gradation of systems and software is always an issue and to keep up with the fast pace of the IT industry, upgrading regularly is congenital to keep abreast with competitionTrainingContinuous training for the man periodrs is a must to provide motivation, leadership skills and on commercial enterprise skillsb) Factors captious for successful business / organizations - These factors tin can be grouped under five main critical factorsEmployee managementTraining of staff regularly so that they may update their skills based on the latest technologies availableHiring the right battalion for the right job profile. This is subjective because at times the qualified people have skills to achieve a job that may not have the right place and the mindset. Also transferable skills and number skills are super pertinent for managersThere needs to be uncloudedness in the chain of command and issues between management and staff need to be sorted ta boo as amicably as possible.Infrastructure and investmentsHaving the latest technology and the systems is extremely critical in the age of today. Efficiency of the workers is dependent upon the expertness of the tools that they have been provided and better efficacy at work leads to loyal guests and therefore, lucreRe investments of profits is required to keep up with the changing times and to be able to match quickly to the market changes and trends.LeadershipA visionary leader which has foresight and can aid his managers in forward thinking is a must for a business which has a desire to grow apaceRegular training for the managers is essential for them to learn and imbibe skills like leadershipMarketing of servicesIt is distinguished to market the services to the customer not only through the right medium but too with the right...Their use of = for continuation of speech and the timing was mentioned in brackets. The transcription also used all the ad hoc protocols to be fol lowed like for elongated pronunciation of words etc.Hiring the right people for the right job profile. This is essential because at times the qualified people have skills to achieve a job but may not have the right attitude and the mindset. Also transferable skills and number skills are extremely pertinent for managersHaving the latest technology and the systems is extremely critical in the age of today. Efficiency of the workers is dependent upon the efficacy of the tools that they have been provided and better efficacy at work leads to loyal customers and therefore, profitsSome companies rely on loyalty for customer retention while the new entrants need to build that confidence before they can gain loyal customers. For this one needs to deliver service within budget and time constraints.Lastly, it is essential to understand that it is not enough to provide the best cost to the customer. The need of the hour is to provide the customer with a balanced value - the best service at th e best price.d) Certain guidelines to reduce staff turnover - towering staff turnover can at times become an issue and may become an rampart for an organizatio

Cramond Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cramond Report - Essay ExampleThe enumerates on the tungsten cheek the renders were not too much lower than the numbers on the east side of the render. However, the numbers on the west side of the causeway were noticeably lower than the numbers on the Eastside the caused way the researchers expected to specify the numbers to be almost identical as they were on Wednesday and Friday for the Eastside the causeway. On the west side the causeway for Wednesday the mean was 20.0, and on Friday the mean for the west side of the causeway was 25.2. This is something that the researchers did not expect finds. The number of animals in the causeway increased slightly between Wednesday and Friday. The possible reason for the unexpected finding on the west side the causeway between Wednesday and Friday is that the salinity on the west side of the causeway was in incubation on Wednesday, and by Friday the salinity had hatched leaving more salinity in the causeway for the researchers to count. The difference the researchers found in having slight variations in the numbers between the west side of the causeway and the Eastside the causeway could be, because the temperatures are warmer on the east side of the causeway, then they are on the west side the causeway.

Training and development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Training and development - Assignment modelTraining and development are crucial to the business because it equips the employees with the relevant knowledge and skills for realizing the business objectives through a well laid down strategies (Werner, Jon and Randy, 15).With the increasing level of competition, the most organization embraces the fact that there embody the link between policy and training and organizational development. Therefore, human resource is regarded as equally essential as all other resource in an organization, in that respect, the team must spend so well in their training. In the training process, the employees go through professional certification. Professional certification is essential to both the organization and the individual. It is important to the organization in that the operator will execute his or her duties with imputable competence. Furthermore, it is also important during the execution of strategy. On the other hand, the employee who has unde rgone professional certification will have braveness in the performance of his duties and policy implementation. Training and development is one crucial and important thing in many organizational setting. Training and development usually lead to improved performance of groups and individuals in any organization. In most cases, professional certification is financed by the business organization (Werner, Jon and Randy, 43).On the part of the organizational development (OD), it is imperative especially for the effectiveness and widening of productivity in the organization. Furthermore, OD acts as a way of solving the problems that involve the execution of strategy. However, the process of executing organizational development requires an investment of both time and finance. It is prudent that the company invests on the human resource through training. Human resource perplexity is always the department charged with the duty of training and development (Wilson, 65). Training

Islamic ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Moslem ART - Essay ExampleOne of the aboriginal features of Islamic art that sets the tone for the bulk of the collection (though the object lenss on display are not all Islamic, with also Christian cultures like Egyptian Copts being represented) is the tendency for aniconism, which means unacceptability of images featuring graven image (for Islam doesnt actually have a clear visual representation of the latter), human beings or animals. Since the dawn of Islam, the God was perceived as a great hurlr, i.e. the only one entitled to endow shape to living beings thus, the person painting the latter literally encroached divine powers of the God (___). Given strong aniconistic tendencies, Islamic art had another focal features contributing to its authentic nature these are lavish use laurel wreath predominantly geometric elements and various floral ornaments and extensive use of Islamic calligraphy. As the objects of art give tongue to us, calligraphy is not only a purely practi cal phenomenon, but also a droll Islamic art, a significant cultural attribute of Islam playing an essential role in fine representations of Islamic culture throughout history.Probably, calligraphy is what would definitely help distinguish an Islamic art object from others, along with orations and lavishness in adornment. This field of Islamic art formed on the basis of Quran copy and is therefore the seminal and inseparable patch of Islam itself moreover, Arabic is considered sacred, for it is the language of the Quran revelation to the Prophet and is the means for preservation and communication of the message of God. First used for religious purposes only, it later transformed into art and became an integral part of visual art. The Met exhibition features an enormous number of Quran folios that were created in different periods beginning with the rule of Umayyads and later. Particularly, a mature example of a Quran

Descriptive Statistics (SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Descriptive Statistics (SLP) - Essay Example(2012) Pilot Study of Internet-Based Early Intervention for Combat-Related Mental Distress, and subsume them to the writers study. From the research, the writer noted that the researchers employ statistical diversion and measures of central tendency rationalize their findings.Measurements of central tendency are statistical measures that categorize single values as descriptive of an total allotment (Gravetter FJ, Wallnau, 2000). They submit to the hypothesis that there is one figure that best sums up the complete array of measurement. The main function of central tendency is to provide accurate descriptions of sets of data and is mainly displayed as median, symbolize or mode. According to Sundaram et al. (2010), a large amount of people use mean because of its mathematical qualities, and is dominant for data distributed across ranges. A summary conducted to guide this study reveal that in their research, Van Voorhees and his colleagu es used mean of 2 to explain participants completion of internet-based lessons. This means that the numerical digit 2 represented the follow of lessons attended by each member of the sampled data. The mean is a representative of the bonnie number representing a whole sample. It is the computation of all measurements, divided by the number it represents. Similarly, I loafer use measurements of central tendencies to test my hypothesis by calculating the mean of participants who would likely to seek medical examination healthcare.Statistical dispersion observes fundamental variations in a continuing phenomenon. This method differentiates between inter-individual variables and operates in tests taken under different conditions and times, or whose subjects display diverse characteristics (Dawson &Trapp, 2004). Dispersion mostly refers to the notion that another number explains the extensiveness of all measurements from the central number. Statistical dispersion is present in nominal or

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion - Essay ExampleThe active was introduced to the ideas of black supremacy and the need to interlocking for representity when he was in prison and when he became a member of the Nation of Islam (Hamlet 199). Malcolm X believed that African Americans were prior as they were original mess who inhabited the world and, hence, they were superior to whites. Importantly, he also worried that black people could not live in the USA and there could be no integration. The activist emphasized that African Americans had to establish their state in Africa and, meanwhile, they could live in the USA but they had to be completely separated from whites. Importantly, Malcolm X often supported violent acts and he believed that black people could supercharge the interlocking using force only.On the contrary, Martin Luther King never supported the idea of using violence. He was a Baptist minister and Christian values had a great impact on his worldview. Notably, Kind admitted that it was possible to use force when defending oneself. However, he never believed that violence could be used to achieve equality in the USA (Goudsouzian 167). King stressed that only nonviolent struggle could help African Americans begin equal rights. The Baptist minister often referred to Jesus sermons in his speeches. He also advocated full integration of the US society and he believed that blacks and whites could and had to live and work together to develop the American society. Martin Luther King encouraged people of different races and backgrounds to join the struggle for real equality in the USA. He believed that all people were equal and they had to enjoy equal rights. His speeches inspired many Americans and the society started becoming more integrated.It is clear that the two approaches were truly different and it can be difficult to identify the most effective one. Kings views and his fight can be regarded as more influential as it led to significant changes in the

Hometown Standpoint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hometown vantage point - Essay ExampleI come from Saudi Arabia. The family is considered the basic unit of society and pieces are inherently unified as well as supportive of each other from birth until adulthood. The relevant characters in my life are members of my nuclear family my mother, brother and sister. My father died in 2001. When I got married, it was my mother who stood by me. In addition to my nuclear family, I consider my spouse and my two children relevant characters in my life.I vie football as member of the national team for 20 years before my father died. When I came to America in 2011 with my wife, I started pursuing higher education. Recently, my mother was diagnosed with cancer and sought interposition a year ago. As such, from ones standpoint, I strongly believe that as the male member of the family, considered the source of strength and support, I should strive to achieve personal and professional goals that aim improving the lives of the members of my family . solely my plans and actions are undertaken to generate financial resources needed to support my children and spouse, as well as seek treatment for my mothers illness. Since my fathers death, his absence left a void in wrong of his physical and emotional support that he showered us when he was alive. As such, I try to crystallise up for my fathers absence by frequent monitoring of my mothers health condition. I firmly believe that the importance relegated to the family as a close-knit unit of society in our culture contributed to my immense commitment to ensure that all members communicate with each other despite differences in geographic

ANALYSIS OF THE MOVIE MY TRIP TO ITALY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ANALYSIS OF THE MOVIE MY TRIP TO ITALY - Essay ExampleThese two actors were egotistical, self-absorbed and unprocessed this is what makes it the more hilarious. This term round, they have been assigned to a second round of restaurants in Italy. Just akin several other sequels, the entry of this lacks the surprise element, however that was expected. The thinness of the material is the weakest part in this movie. By trying to intensify the dialogue as well as the characters it outstays its welcome. The narrative is not adequate to leave office the movie from losing steam and earlier than expected. Nobody could argue with overstaying in Italy though. Italys beauty, comprising Tuscany, Liguria, Rome, Caprio and Amalfi are spectacularly letd by James Clarkes camera. There is effective utilization of wide angles and overhead shots in image capture such(prenominal) as the cities in the back of the frame as well as boats on the body of water as the camera moves away in a continuous tra cking shot.This is one unbelievably aspect movie however one ought to ask what Winterbottoms motivation was in coming up with another(prenominal) entry being one of the most diverse moviemakers globally and usually does not make the kindred movie a second time. There is recycling of some of the thematic material from other movies such as the Look of Love, which also featured Steve Coogan as a negligent father. Both of the actors are highly eloquent with their invention. There is more discussion regarding death and age as well as patronise reference to poets such as Lord Byron and pop staples such as Roman holiday. The ironic and thematic goal is that the actors are busy discussing death not realizing how much time they are wasting. However, the movies comedic mistake is in trying to soften Coogans character .He was needy, unfaithful and jealous in the stolon movie but in the sequel he is growing older and intends to spend more time with his son adding a bit of sentimentality. On the other hand, Steve is more

Evidence of Bergman’s Rule in Indigenous Inhabitants of Different Climates Essay Example for Free

Evidence of Bergmans Rule in Indigenous Inhabitants of Different Climates stressFrom a laymans point of view, Bergmanns Rule could be quiet evident in the differences of anatomical physiques of people near the equator and inhabitants of the arctic region. Nordic and Eskimos have relatively larger body portion than the indigenous peoples of the Congo or Papua New Guinea. There are other noniceable differences as well. bingle of these is postulated by Allens rule which states that populations of a geographically widespread species living in warm regions leave behind have longer extremities (arms and legs) than those living in cold regions. On other species, Peter Mayhew came up with the side by side(p) finding that for bird species, there was a pattern on the variables associated with latitude and body size, though not ubiquitous, that would reinforce Bergmanns Rule (Mayhew, 2006, p. 70).ReferencesRittner, Don and MacCabe, Timothy L. 2004, Encyclopedia of Biology, New York H. Allen Orr Testing Natural Selection, scientific America January 2009 Volume 300 number 1 Scientific American, Inc., 415 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017-1111. Copyright 2008 Ruff, C. B. 2002, divergence in human body size and shape. Annual Review Anthropology 2002 23111223. Lewin, Roger, 2005 Human Evolution An Illustrated Introduction. 2005 Blackwell publishing Limited, p. 69 Mayhew, Peter, 2006. Discovering Evolutionary Ecology 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, p. 76.

First Day at College Essay Example for Free

First Day at College EssayMy first solar daytime at college is a memorable day in my life. I had been earnestly waiting for that day for a coherent time, because I heard many things ab come out college education from my elder br some other and neighbors who were college students. I started feeling that they had the wages of moving about with an air of superiority. At last the long-sought day came and it was the 20th of July, 2002. A new heart rate began to urge me since morning to start for the place where the college stands. So, it was quite early when I reached the college. I was loitering hither and on that point until I met a friend. He advised me to take down the routine which was displayed in the notice board. He showed me the notice board. I went there and took down the routine. It was the first thing that I did on my first day at college. I started to experience that the system in the college was unlike from what I was accustomed to in the school. With the resonan ce of the bell announcing the end of a arrest, the students changed class-rooms unlike in a school where rooms were fixed for different classes.The professors looked comparatively grave and composed and not grim and frightening like school teachers. The students behaved with chastening politeness. raze the menial staff appeared relatively refined and cultured in their dealings. I did not know forwards that roll-call was done in each period. in all that, in fact, gave me a new kind of experience. On that day I had three classes, scheduled for the third, one-fifth and sixth periods. In the third period I had English. The professor came, called over the rolls told us a few words of welcome and then focused on the impressiveness of learning English. In the fifth period we had the professor of Math. I enjoyed the class very much, while in the sixth period, the professor of Logic and Philosophy gave us an introductory talk on Deductive logic. All teachers were past masters in their respective subjects and I entangle proud to have become a student of such erudite scholars. I had a big gap in the fourth period followed by recess.I was moving about in the college compound while a new class-fellow took me to the college canteen. He entertained me with a tea and snacks and we mat up like being great friends. From there we went to students Common dwell where I skipped over the newspaper head-lines and he played a game of ping pong with other students. A big gathering near the Botanical Garden drew my attention and I felt curious to see what happened there. I took leave of my new friend and made for that place.Having gone near, I discover that a student, ostensibly a leader, was addressing the crowd. I did not like the harangue and went to the nearby building. I bring that it was the library building. I entered into the spacious reading room wherein many students were engrossed in study. I felt highly tempted to sit with them but I had no library card. So, I ha d to check my temptation. I came out the intention to procure a library card as soon as possible. Meanwhile, the bell for the fifth period rang and I moved into the college hall for the class in Math. After my class-hours I straight came back off home with a strange thrill of pride and pleasure. In fact, I started feeling that I was on the threshold of shaping up.

Enron scandal Essay Example for Free

Enron scandal EssayA plan on Enrons history Enron was organize in 1985 by Kenneth Lay after mergingHouston Natural Gas and InterNorth. In the early 1990s, he helped to initiate the give awaying of electricity at market prices, The resulting markets made it possible for traders such as Enron to sell energy at higher prices, thereby significantly increasing its revenue. As Enron became the largest seller of natural bobble in North the States by 1992, Enron pursued a diversification strategy owning and operating a variety of assets including gas pipelines, electricity plants, pulp and paper plants, water plants, and broadband services across the globe. (cont.) brief Enrons decline change magnitude from the start of the 1990s until year-end 1998 by 311% percent, solitary(prenominal) modestly higher than the median(a) rate of growth in the Standard Poor 500 index. How of all time, the transport increased by 56% in1999 and a further 87%compared to a 20%increase and a 10% m inify for the indexduring the same years. By December 31,2000, Enrons stock was priced at $83.13and its market capitalization exceeded $60billion, 70 measure earnings and six times rule book value, an indication of the stockmarkets high expectations about its futureprospects. In addition, Enron was rated themost innovative large society in Americain Fortunes Most Admired Companiessurvey.Causes of downfall Enrons complex financial statements were confusing to shareholders andanalysts by using invoice limitations to misrepresent earnings and modify the balance weather sheet to indicate favorable execution of instrument, According to McLean and Elkind in their book The Smartest Guys in the Room, The Enron scandal grew out of a steady accumulation of habits and values and actions that began years before and in the long run spiraled out of control. the combination of these issues later resulted in the bankruptcy of the connection. the majority of them were perpetuated by the indir ect knowledge or direct actions of Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, Andrew Fastow, and opposite executives, Skilling constantly foc apply on meeting Wall Street expectations, advocated the use of mark-to-market score and pressured Enron executives to find new ways to hide its debt. (Cont.) causes of downfallMark-To-Market accounting when Skilling joined the company, he demanded that thetrading communication channel adopt mark-to-market accounting, citing that it would represent true economic value. This method requires that once a long-term contract was signed, income is estimated as the present value of net future cash flow. Often, the viability of these contracts and their related comprises were difficult to estimate, investors were typically prone false or misleading reports. While using the method, income from projects could be recorded, although they might not have ever received the money, and in turn increasing financial earnings on the books. However, in future years, the lettuc e could not be include, so new and surplus income had to be included from to a greater extent projects to develop additional growth to appease investors. (Cont.) causes of downfall For one contract, in July 2000, Enron and Blockbuster Video signed a 20-year engagement to introduce on-demand entertainment to various U.S. cities by year-end. After several pilot projects, Enron recognized estimated profits of more than $110 zillion from the deal, even though analysts questioned the technical viability and market demand of the service. When the network failed to work, Blockbuster withdrew from the contract. Enron move to recognize future profits, even though the deal resulted in a loss . Between 1996 and 2000, Enrons revenues increased by more than 750%, rising from $13.3 billion in 1996 to $100.8 billion in 2000. This extensive expansion of 65% per year was unprecedented in any industry, including the energy industry which typically considered growth of 23% per year to be respectabl e. For just the first nine months of 2001, Enron reported $138.7 billion in revenues, which placed the company at the sixth position on the Fortune Global 500. (Cont.) causes of downfallSpecial design entities Enron used surplus purpose entitieslimited partnerships or companies created to fulfill a temporary or circumstantial purpose . These shell firms were created by a sponsor, but funded by independent equity investors and debt financing. By 2001, Enron had used hundreds of peculiar(a) purpose entities to hide its debt . The special purpose entities were used for more than just circumventing accounting conventions. Enrons balance sheet under verbalise its liabilities and overstated its equity, and its earnings were overstated (cont.) causes of downfall administrator compensation Although Enrons compensation and performance steering system was designed to retain and reward its most valuable employees, the system contributed to a dysfunctional bodily culture that became obses sed with short-term earnings to maximize bonuses. Employees constantly tried to start deals, disregarding the part ofcash flow or profits, in order to get a better rating for their performance review. (cont.) causes of downfall The company was constantly emphasizing its stock price. Management was compensated extensively using stockoptions. Skilling would develop target earnings by asking What earnings do you need to keep our stock price up? and that number would be used, even if it was not feasible. Employees had large expense accounts and many executives were remunerative sometimes twice as much as competitors. In 1998, the top 200 highest-paid employees received $193 million from salaries, bonuses, and stock. Two years later, the figure jumped to $1.4 billion. (cont.) causes of downfall pecuniary audit Enrons auditor firm, Arthur Andersen, was accused of applying reckless standards in its audits because of a conflict of interest over the significant consulting fees generated by Enron. Andersens auditors were pressured by Enrons management to defer recognizing the charges from the special purpose entities as its credit risks became known. To pressure Andersen into meeting Enrons earnings expectations, Enron would occasionally allow accounting companies Ernst new-fangled or PricewaterhouseCoopers to complete accounting tasks to create the illusion of hiring a new company to replace Andersen. In addition, after news of U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigations of Enron were made worldly concern, Andersen would later shred several tons of applicable documents and delete nearly 30,000 e-mails and computer files, causing accusations of a cover-up. (cont.) causes of downfallOther accounting issues Enron made a habit of booking costs of cancelled projects as assets, with the rationale that no official letter had stated that the project was cancelled. This method was known as the snowball, and although it was initially dictated that such pra ctices be used only for projects worth less than $90 million, it was later increased to $200 million. In 1998, when analysts were given a number of the Enron Energy Services office, they were impressed with how the employees were working so vigorously. In reality, Skilling had moved other employees to the office from other departments (instructing them to pretend to work hard) to create the appearance that the division was larger than it was. This ruse was used several times to fool analysts about the progress of different areas of Enron to help improve the stock price. Bankruptcy On November 28, 2001, The company had very little cash with which to operate, let alone satisfy enormous debts. Its stock price vaporize to $0.61 at the end of the days trading. Enron was estimated to have about $23 billion in liabilities from both debt large and guaranteed loans. Citigroup and JP Morgan Chase in particular appeared to have significant amounts to lose with Enrons bankruptcy. Enrons Eur opean operations filed for bankruptcy on November 30, 2001, and it sought Chapter 11 protection two days later on December 2. It was the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history (before being surpassed by WorldComs bankruptcy the next year), and resulted in 4,000 lost jobs. Sarbanes-Oxley Act The bill was enacted as a reaction to a number of major bodily and accounting scandals including those affecting Enron, Tyco International, Adelphia, Peregrine Systems and WorldCom. These scandals, which cost investors billions of dollars when the share prices of affected companies collapsed, shook universe confidence in the nations securities markets. The main provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act included the establishmentof the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to develop standards for the preparation of audit reports the restriction of public accounting companies from providing any non-auditing services when auditing provisions for the independence of audit committee members, executives being demand to sign off on financial reports.Major elements(Cont.)SOX1.Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) act I consists of nine sections and establishes the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, to provide independent oversight of public accounting firms providing audit services (auditors). It also creates a central oversight board tasked with registering auditors, defining the detail processes and procedures for compliance audits2. Auditor IndependenceTitle II consists of nine sections and establishes standards for external auditor independence, to limit conflicts of interest. It also addresses new auditor approval requirements, audit partner rotation, and auditor reporting requirements. It restricts auditing companies from providing non-audit services (e.g., consulting) for the same clients. (Cont.)SOX3. embodied ResponsibilityTitle III consists of eight sections and mandates that senior executives take individual responsibility for the accuracy and compl eteness of corporeal financial reports. It defines the interaction of external auditors and corporate audit committees, and specifies the responsibility of corporate officers for the accuracy and validity of corporate financial reports.It enumerates specific limits on the behaviors of corporate officers and describes specific forfeitures of benefits and civil penalties for non-compliance. For example, Section 302 requires that the companysprincipal officers (typically the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) certify and approve the integrity of their company financial reports quarterly. (Cont.)SOX4. Enhanced Financial DisclosuresTitle IV consists of nine sections. It describes enhanced reporting requirements for financial transactions, including off-balance-sheet transactions, pro-forma figures and stock transactions of corporate officers. 5. psychoanalyst Conflicts of Interest Title V consists of only one section, which includes measures designed to help fix inves tor confidence in the reporting of securities analysts. It defines the codes of conduct for securities analysts and requires disclosure of knowable conflicts of interest. 6. Commission Resources and AuthorityTitle VI consists of four sections and defines practices to restore investor confidence in securities analysts. It also defines the SECs authority to censure or bar securities professionals from practice and defines conditions under which a person can be barred from practicing as a broker, advisor, or dealer. (Cont.)SOX7.Studies and ReportsTitle VII consists of basketball team sections and requires the Comptroller General and the SEC to perform various studies and report their findings. Studies and reports include the effects of consolidation of public accounting firms, the role of credit rating agencies in the operation of securities markets, securities violations and enforcement actions, and whether investment banks assisted Enron, Global get over and others to manipulate ea rnings and obfuscate true financial conditions. (Cont.)SOX8. Corporate and Criminal sham AccountabilityIt describes specific criminal penalties for manipulation, destruction or alteration of financial records or other interference with investigations,while providing certain(a) protections for whistle-blowers.9. White Collar Crime Penalty EnhancementThis section increases the criminal penalties associated with white-collar crimes and conspiracies. It recommends stronger sentencing guidelines and specifically adds trouble to certify corporate financial reports as a criminal offense. (Cont.)SOX10. Corporate Tax Returns Title X consists of one section. Section 1001 states that the Chief Executive Officer should sign the company tax return.11. Corporate Fraud Accountability It identifies corporate fraud and records tampering as criminal offenses and joins those offenses to specific penalties. It also revises sentencing guidelines and strengthens their penalties. This enables the SEC t o refuge to temporarily freezing transactions or payments that have been deemed large or unusual.

Paraphrasing and Summarizing Essay Example for Free

Paraphrasing and Summarizing EssayParaphrasing is restating someone elses ideas in your deliver words while providing befitting in- textbook edition citations and references to acknowledge the professional source, and let the averers know that the idea is not yours. It plays an important role in faculty member documents, legal documents, articles journals, etc. It requires crucial thinking, understanding and writing skills to rephrase a document in your own words. paraphrasing reflects the understanding of a person rather than the writer who has presented the original work. Moreoever, a good quality paraphrased reading material of a work can be more concise and yet thorough than the original erect of writing. A summary is a concise version of a long detailed text while keeping the context clear. A summary can also be called an abstract, synopsis, executive summary or recap of the original. It highlights the main points of the original text, but it is smaller than the main article. Without summaries, a reader would have to read the entire text that definitely needs a lot of time.InstructionsSummarizing1. Read the original text straight through, quickly but thoroughly. 2. Reread the original material, highlight ideas that stand out to you as world important, and underline notice terms. 3. Break the text into sections, with each conveying one of the authors main points. The purpose of a summary is to express the central ideas of the original work, leaving out secondary material. 4. Write your summary in sentence form, using the main points and key terms as the muscle of your summary. Try to keep the ideas in your summary organized in the same sequence as in the original text. 5. Compare the original text to your summary to ensure you have covered the main ideas and havent left out any key terms.Paraphrasing1. Read the original text straight through, quickly but thoroughly. 2. Reread the original material, taking channel of the concept the author is trying to convey. 3. Express the text in your own words without changing the authors meaning. The goal of a paraphrase is to rewrite the original text without leaving out anything of substance. 4. Compare the original text to your paraphrase to ensure you have captured the essence of the authors ideas and have not quoted the text directly. The paraphrase must be written with language and sentence structure entirely your own.

Boston Beer Company Essay Example for Free

Boston Beer Company Essay

Marketing Creates Customer Needs Essay Example for Free

Marketing Creates Customer inevitably EssayMarketing creates customer needs. The following paper will elucidate how consumers are made non born. Marketing entices customers to try new products or do new things that they may never down theory of before. Commercialism is everywhere you turn. From the glossy ads, pop ups on their computer screen, billboards, emails, tweets, radio, television, telemarketers, etc. You cant apprehend away from ad wherever you go. The marketers would not be continuing if it was not so successful in getting people to buy more of what they are selling. The following paragraphs will give examples of successful selling advertisement campaigns and how they were effective. According to Forbes, for advertising to be effective it needs to be memorable, connect with the consumer by delivering a person meaningful message that tells them how their product would charter their life a recrudesce place, stand for value beyond the product itself, and be intri cately tied to the brand not to be conf intaked with the competitor. (Greewald, 2014).The bind gives several examples of successful ad campaigns. First, the Red Bull gives you wings campaign. The ads are inspirational telling consumers if you use our product you will do everything better from studying to doing your job better. It empowers people and gets them to relate to the product. Next, the Beats Dr. Dre advertising campaign. The advertisements tell the consumer that by wearing these headphones you will be able to overcome your critics and be empowered to gestate in yourself. They depict athlete Kevin Garnett blocking out his critics and allowing him to focus on positive thoughts and the music he loves. Both advertisements connect with the consumer on a psychological level. They focus on you relating to our needs to do better and finding greatness in ourselves. It is what most of ustell ourselves every day- get int heed to the people that are our critics and swear in yoursel f. Find greatness and believe in yourself sounds more resembling a motivational speaker however it works to connect the consumer to the product. According to Forbes both campaigns met all the aspects to be effective.Both these products are not necessary for humans to survive. Both products are considered a want not a need. The advertisers have convinced students far and wide to drink Red Bull because it will attend to you concentrate more and be successful. We all survived before without these products. They have successfully changed the mindset of consumers who now believe the opposite that they now cant survive without them. One of the most successful marketing campaigns has been Apples I Phones. Hundreds of people stand in line when their newest product travels available. Everywhere you look people have an I Phone. It is a sign of stature to have the state-of-the- art technology which includes the latest and greatest that Apple has to offer. It has become an item people cant l ive without. I lost my I phone for 24 hours and thought I was going to have an anxiety attack. All my personal selective information, contacts, bank card information is all in the one little phone.I cant remember any of my most-valuable phone numbers anymore because I dont need to they are all in the phone. They have made it irreplaceable in our day to day living. This is the ultimate in marketing and gross sales of a product. I lived 36 years without ever having a cellular phone and survived just fine. instantaneously I see 8 year olds with I phones calling their friends and tweeting Marketing provides a value to argumentation in that it helps showcase their products and engage consumers in purchasing them. The value to society is that some of these products may make our lives easier and we can benefit from them. In conclusion, I believe that marketing creates a need we didnt populate existed until they showed us their fabulous products.They connect with us, make us believe that what they are offering will amend our lives and are necessary for our existence. I agree that marketers encourage consumers to spend money they do not have on non-essential items. So numerous Americans have credit card debt. The average American household has roughly $7000 of credit card debt as of December 2013. (Credit Card Debt Statistics, 2013). We continue to spend money on things we dont really need with money we dont have. It is a vicious cycle for many Americans that leave them broke and in some instances homeless.ReferencesCredit Card Debt Statistics. (2013). Credit Card Debt Statistics. Money-Zine.com http//www.money-zine.com/financial-planning/debt-consolidation/credit-card-debt-statistics).Greewald, M. (2014, July 10). Secrets of 7 of the roughly Effective Ad Campaigns. Forbes.com http//www.forbes.com/sites/michellegreenwald/2014/07/10/secrets-of-7-of-the-most-effective-ad-campaigns/

Caring for Individuals with Additional Needs Essay Example for Free

Caring for Individuals with Additional Needs Es gradeIn this task the explanation of why individuals may experience additional needs will be provided. There are 4 primary(prenominal) categories of check. I will list them and also give an example of each social class and also say if the disability is physiologic, cognitive or sensory. Physical meaning having problems with strength or co-ordination within caused by having an diagonal or an inspection. Cognitive meaning a person having problems with learning and understanding everyday things.Sensory this bottomland be a problem with learning through sight, taste, smell, touch and hearing. Basically this has to do with the five senses. The categories are Genetic (from a family member through blood) Sickle cell is contracted through either call down ( set about/father) who has the trait. This trait burn be passed on to the child or children. If the father has a trait and the mother has a trait, the child can get the full t rait. This category is physical.Accidental accidents can cause disability e. g. a person driving a car and accidentally hits down a person locomote in the road this can cause major damage to this person. The person could be paralyzed for life. This category is physical and could also be cognitive because this person could have hit his/her head and ended up being brain damage. The brain damage can lead to this person losing most of the knowledge he/she had before and have to start learning all over again.Developmental can be caused be a pregnant woman having difficulty in the womb or during birth. A child can break away disability while growing up for example contracting Meningitis. Possible complications that can be caused are hearing loss, learning disability or problem with co-ordination and balance. This category can be sensory, physical or cognitive. Environmental can be caused by working in a place where in that location is lots of dust or even smoking can cause a person to develop asthma or other infections. This category can be physical.

Academic performance and technology Essay Example for Free

Academic performance and technology EssaySpace geographic expedition is the discovery and geographic expedition of let outer musculus quadriceps femoris by means of dummy technology. Physical exploration of quadrangle is conducted both by gracious homeflights and by robotic spacecraft. While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the knowledge of large and relatively efficient rockets during the early 20th century that allowed physical space exploration to perform a reality.Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries. Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such(prenominal) as the Cold War. The early era of space exploration was driven by a Space Race between the Soviet Union and the join S tates, the despatch of the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the USSRs Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957, and the first bootleg set down by the Ameri undersurface Apollo 11 craft on 20 July 1969 atomic number 18 often taken as the boundaries for this initial period.See more Recruitment and selection fulfil essayThe Soviet space class achieved many of the first milest unrivalleds, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) on 18 swear out 1965, the first automatic set down on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971. After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space chick platform, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station (ISS). With the substantial completion of the ISS following STS-133 in March 2011, pl ans for space exploration by the USA remain in flux. Constellation, a Bush Administration computer programme for a return to the moon by 2020 was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009.The Obama Administration proposed a revision of Constellation in 2010 to focus on the exploitation of the capability for crewed missions beyond low earth orbit (LEO), envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020, transferring the training of launch vehicles for human crews from NASA to the private sector, and developing technology to enable missions to beyond LEO, such as Earth/Moon L1, the Moon, Earth/Sun L2, near-earth asteroids, and Phobos or Mars orbit.5 As of March 2011, the US Senate and House of Representatives are belt up working towards a compromise NASA funding bill, which will probably terminate Constellation and fund development of a heavy lift launch vehicle (HLLV).6 In the 2000s, the Peoples Republic of China initiated a sure-fire manned spaceflight program, while the European Union, Japan, and India have also planned future manned space missions.China, Russia, Japan, and India have advocated manned missions to the Moon during the 21st century, while the European Union has advocated manned missions to both the Moon and Mars during the 21st century. From the 1990s onwards, private interests began promoting space tourism and then private space exploration of the Moon (see Google Lunar X Prize).Benefits of this to MankindThere are critics who disagree with the expenditure on space exploration, which they claim can better be used to solve earthly problems. However, they seem to forget that this is one of the palm which tests a mans intellect. But, how does a common man draw benefits of space exploration? The advances made in area of space exploration can be well used in other demesnes such as medicine, agriculture, and so forth The following is the list of benefits of space exploration to mankind G lobal place System The mankind depends on the sea trade for transportation of food grains, fossil fuels, metal ores, etc. Global navigation system, GPS helps in timely delivery of these essential goods by providing the ships with essential navigation information.The GNS go are made available using networks of satellites which also enables satellite Internet and satellite phones. Weather aim and Agriculture Gone are the days, when we used to take an umbrella with us while going out if there were black clouds in the sky. Now we can rely on the weather reports updated on an hourly basis. The accurate weather forecast is possible only because of the satellites in the space. The satellites also help us in predicting the crop yields, pest infestation and the area under cultivation. Natural Calamities It is easy to predict natural calamities such as floods, storms, tornadoes, hurricanes and to locate wildfires and their extent with the help of satellites. Minerals and Mining Minerals bu ried deep under the Earths surface can be located using satellites. Precious fossil fuels can be found with the help of satellites. Electronics The field of electronics and computers have also benefited from the space exploration.The astronauts have manufactured miniature electronic parts that could only be produced in the space during their experiments in the space stations and space shuttles. Asteroids It is believed that an asteroid strike eliminated the dinosaurs on the Earth. mavin of the benefits of space exploration is that we know about the thousands of asteroids and we can also be vigilant about their drifts. whitethorn be we could prevent dinosaurian death of mankind, if and when an asteroid is positioned to repeat history. If it happens, it would be because of the knowledge which is the direct benefit of space exploration. Energy Source The scientists and researchers all over the world are attempting to harness the power of nuclear fusion. The process which enables the S un to produce energy in abundance. It is believed that quantity of electricity generated using 1kg of hydrogen would be alike to that of 11,000 metric tons of coal.Medicine Another field to glean the benefits of the satellite exploration is that of medicine. Metal alloys that are manufactured to be used in spacecraft and space shuttles are also used in the health care industry. Nitinol, an alloy is used to make braces. The miniature electronic components which were developed for the space program can be used in electronic pain-control device that some patients need to use. The implantable insulin pump is ground on the mechanical robot arm developed for the Mars Voyager probe. The space exploration benefits also encompasses the field of communication which needs no explanation. The applications of knowledge and the technologies, that are the outcome of the mans efforts to explore space, are making his emotional state easier indeed

Kite Runner Essay Essay Example for Free

kite Runner Essay EssayDo you know that Afghanis play a impale where they fight with kites? The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini describes kite fights amidst local Afghani kids, regardless of their hearty status. The main characters in this storey that come from a higher socioeconomic level are Baba, a lawyer from the Pashtun tribe, and his son Amir. The main characters in this story that come from the sink socioeconomic level are Ali, a servant from the Hazara tribe, and his son Hassan who are servants to Baba and his family. The Kite Runner explores how different classes of people worked unneurotic to unknot things in Afghanistan.In the Kite Runner discrimination in Afghanistan is exhibit by the wholeiance between the Pashutns and Hazaras. The Hazaras were often demeaned and persecuted (www. Sparknotes. com). Baba, how ever, taught his family to be large-minded to the Hazaras. Baba learned this from his father, who was a highly regarded judge in Kabul (Hosseini 24). The story describes a day when the grandfather sentenced two young Pashtun men into the military for killing almost an total Hazaran family. The grandfather was very dismayed that the five year old boy who survived the incident would be left(a) an orphan.Amir remembered As for the orphan, my grandfather adopted him into his own household, and told the separate servants to tutor him, but to be kind to him (Hosseini 24-25). The young survivor was named Ali. Quite a few years later, Baba took in Alis son Hassan to be a servant for his son Amir. While Babas house was a fair and kind place to live there was fluent a social barrier (www. Sparknotes. com). For example even off though Baba called Ali his family, Ali still lived in a hut and slept on the floor (www. shmoop. com).Although Hassan was believed to be Alis son he was truly Babas away of wedlock son (Hosseini 224-225). Baba and Ali never told Amir or Hassan that they were brothers because it was shameful that Baba had a re lationship with Hassans mother, who was in a lower socioeconomic level. Baba would never be respected again if that ever got out. Later on in Hassans life, he had difficulty with becoming anything but a servant. Hassan had a very strong identity as a servant, and because of this he had no mavin of entitlement when he grew up. Hassan took palm of Babas house, even after Baba left (Hosseini 218).In a scene in the book Hassan tries to nourish Babas old house from Taliban invasion, and gets killed (Hosseini 219). Through his dying day Hassan never felt a sense of entitlement and continued to serve Baba as his owner rather than as his father. At the time of Hassans last he was no longer Babas servant. The Taliban, warriors taking over tribesman under the guise of uniting their country, do Afghanistan a very dangerous place. The Taliban were very discriminating and typically tortured, beat, and executed people of a lower socioeconomic level. During childhood, Assef bullied Hassan and Amir.Assef came from a higher socioeconomic class than Hassan. Assef is now presented in the book as a Taliban militant. The Taliban banned music in Afghanistan (Hosseini 280). Hassans son, Sohrab, was forced to dance to music by Assef. The Taliban continued to convolute its muscles to get other people to conform to their rules. Amir thought I guessed music wasnt severe as long as it played to Taliban ears (Hosseini 280). Amir was very critical about the Taliban and stupidly admitted to Assef I had read about the Hazara massacre in Mazar-i-Sharif in the papers (Hosseini 277).Amirs point was that the Taliban killed the Hazaras anywhere they could find them even though they didnt do anything wrong. Clearly the Taliban did not value the lives of the Hazaras (www. Sparknotes. com). Assef was one of the cruelest of all the Taliban. He told Amir this Afghanistan is like a beautiful mansion littered with garbage, and someone has to take out the garbage (Hosseini 284). Taliban influence in Afghanistan heightened discrimination and did not unite the country.The Kite Runner clearly demonstrated how different classes of people who are able to live peacefully together although keeping within the apprenticed of their social class. The Taliban did not tolerate people from the lower socioeconomic classes and without conscious killed and destroyed their lives. Hassan and Amir, technically brother, grew up together but were never treated as equals (Hosseini 25). However they were able to coexist without hating each other (Hosseini 25). Amir never truly considered himself as a friend to Hassan (Hosseini 25). Hassan always considered himself a servant to Baba even at his death, in chapter 16.In my opinion the Afghan culture before the Taliban was one of working together and living peacefully but after the Taliban invaded the culture changed by forcing discrimination among the socioeconomic classes. Works Cited Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. New York Riverhead, 2003. Pri nt. The Kite Runner Chapter 4 Summary. Shmoop. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. http//www. shmoop. com/kite-runner/chapter-4-summary. html. The Kite Runner. SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n. d. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. http//www. sparknotes. com/lit/the-kite-runner/section1. rhtml.

Personal Mission Statement Essay Example for Free

Personal Mission separatement EssaySection I My Role in my Education I latterly finished a diploma program at Remington College for Medical Billing and Coding in October 2010. I successfully completed 9 months of being on the Deans list and had perfect attendance byout the program. I also received the noble Graduate Award for most outstanding student of the Medical Billing and Coding program. I recently decided to continue my education to obtain my Associates Degree in Health development Technology. I will be finished with my Associates program in June 2012. In quintet years, I plan on working as a manager for a well-established organization. My ultimate remainder is to continue my education until I obtain my Masters Degree so that I rear continue moving up the ladder until I am at the top where there is cryptograph else left to achieve.There are m all obstacles in life that could get in the course of accomplishing my goals barely I will just share three of the obstac les with you. The first and most important I regain would have to be the lack of shop at. Even though I have moved back in with my parents while I am in school, I get no positive support from them. I really surprised them at graduation back in October for my diploma program when I was announce as the Distinguished Graduate. I am taking this no support from family as positive motive to prove them all wrong when I obtain my educational goal which is finishing my Associates Degree.Another obstacle that could get in my way of achieving my goal would be my mindset or spot. In the past when I youthfuler and going to college I use to not have the right attitude for school. I was into just having fun and worrying about my grades. Now that I am older and bash what I want, I think I have the right attitude to accomplish my educational goal. 1 of the reasons for my right attitude now is having a son that I didnt have back in my younger and immature days.Finally, the last obstacle that I could have to face would be the lack of motivation and drive. This one goes hand and hand with the first two obstacles. In the first two obstacles, getting no positive support from my family and having a son now is giving me the motivation and drive I hire to accomplish my educational goals. With this said, I think I have the motivation and drive that I read to succeed and overcome any obstacles that get in my way.Section II Problem Solving for triumphStep 1 Research and Define the Problem Using Present State and Desire StateIn my present state I am currently unemployed and receiving military funding for college through the Montgomery GI Bill. The money that I am receiving through the Montgomery GI Bill is what I am living off of right now. My desired state would be to be working at a job in my field of study to where I can be working my way up to management. I would also like to put more money in savings so that I can have a size adapted amount of savings in case any emergen cies came about.Step 2 Determine the Causes of the problem* What- The problem is that I receive no support from my family in accomplishing my educational goals. * Why- This is a problem because when I was younger I never finished what I spring uped bar for High School. * Who- My family is the problem because even though I didnt finish college when I was younger, they should still support me in finishing it now. * Where- The problem is occurring at home because that is where I see my family the most. * When- The problem occurs every day. This onetime(prenominal) causes me to not to want to be at home. I have to let the negativity go in one ear and out the other, and focus on accomplishing my ultimate goal. * How- The problem occurred because of my past non-accomplishments when I was young and immature.Step 3 Generate Solutions by BrainstormingThere are several solutions that could be potential in solving the problem.1. I could market myself in different cities in order to have mor e employers see my resume. 2. one time I get a job, I can move out and apart from the negativity. 3. I can get a part-time job also to help out with expenses at once I move back out on my own.At this time I have been only(prenominal) marketing myself with a 50 mile radius from where I live. I am going to start job searching in a 100 mile radius and possible farther out. justly now I will take a job anywhere, no matter where it is at.Based on all of the knowledge that I have learned in this class, I will be able to analyze the situation and use my critical thinking techniques to come up with the best possible solutions to my problem. Once I look at the problem from every angle possible, I can then hope the solutions based on my analysis of my present state and present issue.

File Systems and Permissions Summary

File Systems and Permissions SummaryJohn David Woodychmod -rwxr-xr-1 discover staff 270311 Aug 11 2009 install.shI will attempt explain the best I finish.Chmod, on linux or unix like direct systems, there argon a prepare of rules for for each one send which defines who can approaching that file and how they can access it. The at amaze 0 denotes the eccentric of file, it is either a d if the occurrence is a directory or l if it is a link or it could fairish be a unremitting file. The symbols in the functions 1 thru 3 rwr are permissions for the owner of the file and the symbols in position 4 thru 6 r-x are positions for a group, the remain positions 7 thru 9 r-1 are permissions for eitherone else. The rwx shows that owner has read (r), redeem (w) and campaign (x) permission. The shows the permissions for the group to which the file belongs. Ther-xr represents that has permission to read (r) and execute (x) and, read permissions without bring out permiss ion. The last xr-1 set of characters, represents the permissions for everybody else. The octal numbers 270311 each rent individual meanings for permissions. I researched this at, the WEB site at a lower place on the reference page. Now, 2 is for write, the 7 where my confusion stepped in is the numeric mode from one to four octal digits which are derived by adding up the bit values, so 4 is for read , 2 for write, and 1 is for execute when added equals 7 so all access is allowed. The 0 from what I read has no permissions. The 3 is for write and execute and the 1s only can execute. How the commands and the octal numbers relate requires me to do more homework. The remaining items below 2 -5 and 1 4, will be described and follow the same patterns as above. I just hope Im explaining things correctly.Chmod -rw-rr1 instruct staff 348039 Aug 12 2008 User_Guide.txtChmod, on linux or unix like operating systems, there are a set of rules for each file which defines who can access that file and how they can access it. The at position 0 denotes the type of file, it is either a d if the item is a directory or l if it is a link or it could just be a regular file. The symbols in the positions 1 thru 3 rw- are permissions for the owner of the file and the symbols in position 4 thru 6 r are positions for a group, the remaining positions 7 thru 10 r1 are permissions for anyone else. Now, this textual representation consist of 10 characters but from what I have read the rules gloss over apply. The octal numbers 348039 each over again have individual meanings for permissions. Now, 3 is for write, the 4 is for read, 8 again confusion stepped in until I will research this more. The 0 is for denial, 3 again is for write and of course there is a 9 Ill also have to timber into.Chmod -rw-r1 instruct staff 635106 Aug 12 2009 Admin_Guide.txtChmod, on linux or unix like operating systems, there are a set of rules for each file which defines who can access that file and how they can access it. The at position 0 denotes the type of file, it is either a d if the item is a directory or l if it is a link or it could just be a regular file. The symbols in the positions 1 thru 3 rw- are permissions for the owner of the file and the symbols in position 4 thru 6 r are positions for a group, the remaining positions 7 thru 10 1 are permissions for anyone else. Now, this textual representation consist of 10 characters but from what I have read the rules still apply. The octal numbers 635106 each again have individual meanings for permissions. Now, 6 is for read/write, the 3 is for write, 5 is for read/execute. The 1 is for execute only, 0 all access denied and 6 read/write.Chmod drwxr-xr-x 4 instruct staff 144 Aug 12 2009 DocumentsChmod, on linux or unix like operating systems, there are a set of rules for each file which defines who can access that file and how they can access it. The d at position 0 denotes the type of file, it is either a d if the item is a directory or l if it is a link or it could just be a regular file. Well this is a directory. The symbols in the positions 1 thru 3 rwx are permissions for the owner of the file and the symbols in position 4 thru 6 -x4 are positions for a group. The octal numbers 144 each again have individual meanings for permissions. Now, 1 is for execute only. The two 4s are read only access.chmod -rwsr-x 1 goose egg nobody 169202 Aug 11 2009 httpdChmod, on linux or unix like operating systems, there are a set of rules for each file which defines who can access that file and how they can access it. The at position 0 denotes the type of file, it is either a d if the item is a directory or l if it is a link or it could just be a regular file. The symbols in the positions 1 thru 3 rws are permissions for the owner of the file and the symbols in position 4 thru 7 r-x1 are positions for a group. The octal numbers 169202 each again have individual meanings for permissi ons. Now, 1 is for execute only. The 6 is for read/write allowed, the 9 I still have not figured out yet, but I will. The 2 is for write access only, the 0 means all access denied, again the 2 is write access only.Metacharacters/Regular Expressions* Matches zero or more occurrences of the previous character? The preceding item is optional and will be matched, at most, once. The caret is an vertebral column that indicates the beginning of a line.$ The asterisk is a modifier and also an anchor. In a regular mien it specifies that a previous character set can appear any number of times, that includes a zero.0-9 Matches any one of the numbers given inwardly chars, where chars Is a sequence of characters.a-z Matches any one of the characters given within chars, where chars Is a sequence of characters.Regular expressions to match the followingAll files that end in txtls -1 grep *.txtFiles that have a second character of a and end in shls -1 grep *.shAny file that starts with a number ls -l grep 0-9A blank linels -l grep A traditional 10-digit U.S.-based phone number, in the following format(407) 555-1212ls -l grep (0-3) 0-3-0-4 note Not quite sure about this one but I tried.Referencewww.computerhope.com/unix/uchmod.htm

An Improvement Over Classical Realism Politics Essay

An Improvement Over Classical Realism Politics turn outThe neorealist speculation of transnational dealing has holdd universe of discourse governing in the past century. It depicts an wide-open ground where arouses are compelled to act in a certain manner because they are part of an anarchic outside(a) scheme. Although neorealism posts an appealing expos for the study of worldwide relations and perceives itself to be an progress over classical realism, it raises to a greater extent questions than the purposes it provides as I will show by means ofout this essay.Classical Realists deliberate that states are the main actors in supranational relations and they are function maximizers. As Hans Morgenthau, explains in Politics Among Nations, in a world where revolt is the abiding principle, states will struggle for magnate because they are managed by form _or_ system of government fetchrs and such(prenominal) is the nature of men. former(a) institutions and organiz ations are considered to play a small spot but just within a state centric framework. States define international ramble as anarchic because there is no ex stir disposal to quell mens search for power and their thirst to dominate others. In this eternal struggle peace is achieved through the balance of power, where states try to prevent one state from dominating all the others.1During the wintry War a new variant of Morgenthaus theory appeared under the name of neorealism. The a priori approach to international politics proposed by dance stresses the importance of structure and draws its business lines by applying an economic perspective to international relations. An approach Waltz claims to be more scientific than the one of Morgenthau and classical realism,which he considers to be reductionist. He argues so because it focuses on the inborn decisions of policy makers, and their search for power, as key in shaping the international system. A perspective that excludes the gap of a geomorphological analysis where the system is perceived to be indep wipeoutent and therefore plays an active role in determining state behaviour.2In a world still perceived to be anarchic, Waltz separates the internal circumstances of states from the external ones and claims that the international system is autonomous and acts as a whole. International distinguish is shaped by a global structure, which is created by the interaction of states and then forces them into a certain modus operandi.3Whereas in Morgenthau the analysis of world politics focused on his negative view of human nature that compelled statesmen in an eternal search for power4, Waltz emphasizes the importance of the system in directing their actions.The introduction of the one-third image systemic analysis as the most important perspective to look at international politics is defined by three ordering principles anarchy, the function of units and the scattering of capabilities.5Anarchy for neorealists is slightly antithetical than for classical realists. As Shimko notes it, if for Morgenthau anarchy was important but merely circumstantial, for Waltz it is one of the defining elements of the system and acts as a causal force.6The concept of anarchy in like manner differs in the sense that classical realists believe states search for power and most neorealists tend to advocate that states fight to survive. The outcome in both cases is an anarchic world but their origin is fundamentally different.The units that compose this anarchic system are deemed to be like a perform exchangeable actions in the international sphere and internal politics go through no place in differentiating states. Although states perform the same functions they are distinguished from apiece other by their capabilities. The distribution of capabilities, seen mainly as armed services power, has the capacity to change the systemic order. As states military power changes so does the international system.7Th e ideas put forward by neorealists wait to provide an edge over classical realism, not only in the sense that they accommodate a more full fledged theory that, as Waltz points out, was not possible for classical realism8but withal because there is an evolution from the apparent subjective, intuitive and traditional views of Morgenthau to a more objective and scientific theorisation put forward by Waltz9Thus far it seems that neorealism was able to provide an answer to the flawed reasoning of classical realists but, a more thorough analysis shows something different. One of the key points where this stands out is in the concept of power. For Morgenthau statesmen act in terms of interest defined as power10. This idea of politics should not be seen as a limited short-term objective for states and policy makers but, as Rosenberg explains, that the actions and interactions of states need to be perceived as a response to a certain balance in the distribution of power.11As we have also seen, under Morgenthaus perspective, states strive for power a condition which, inevitably, generates a competition environment between the three-fold actors. The only way to maintain international order in such an environment is through a balance of power where no one state or coalition is in position to dominate all the others.12However, this assumption implies, as Rosenberg argues, that we look at the international scene as nothing more than a collectivity of states and that the internal semipolitical sphere take ins no effects in how states interact with each other. It is at this point that Morgenthaus argument becomes circular and loses some of its strength. If world politics merchandises only with security issues and power is seen only in terms of military capacity, the idea of politics as interest defined as power becomes undeniable.13Neorealism tries to answer this problematic with the introduction of the international system as the prime director of state behaviour. Ho wever, the robotic structure introduced by Waltz only sees power as military capacity and fails to posting for transnational power the system continues to be a mere group of interacting states. Since for neorealists international politics only has to deal security issues, the argument becomes circular again in a sense that Waltzs structure is only relevant to a system that only regards power as military.14Despite the many proposed advances on classical realism, Neorealism also provides few changes as far as the concept of anarchy is concerned. It is true that it assumes a conducive role, in the international system, instead of a permissive one but no greater development is introduced in this area. Waltz sees the concept of anarchy in the international realm as the lack of a central power that can exercise force, the same way states exercise it inside their own internal sphere, which leads to a competitive environment among equal sovereign actors.15The problem with Waltzs concept of anarchy, as Milner argues, is that it collides with one of the ordering principles of his theory for the international system the idea that a states capabilities are a differentiating factor.16If states have different capacities they do not compete on equal grounds and do not assume the same posture towards each other. Waltzs third ordering principle leads us to conclude that states perform different functions and that there is a time interval between small powers and great powers, with the latter assuming a more important role. These differences suggest that the world cannot be seen as a perfect market where there is a competition between similar players but more like a monopolistic or oligopolistic one, where one or more units have risen above the rest.17As Milner concludes, these types of markets are characterized by instability, balance between the dominant actors and strategic interdependence, which seem to function more like the international system than perfect markets.18 This different perspective provides a slight narrow view of the international system and one that can provide excess areas of investigation. The idea of strategic interdependence suggests a more intricate network of communication between actors and is invariably dependent on norms and practices that need to be established not only in the international sphere but also at a national level. The excessive importance given to the ambiguous concept of anarchy leads neorealists to the floor separation between domestic and international politics19, which can be dangerous in such a state-centric theoretical approach to international relations.The idea of the state as an uncontested actor in international politics is one other that stands out in neorealist thought. Theory is centred on the state and it offers no reasoning for its formation. As Ashley puts it, for neorealistsThe state must be treated as an unproblematic unity an entity whose existence, boundaries, identifying structures, con stituencies, legitimations, interests, and capacities to make self-regarding decisions can be treated as given, independent of transnational class and human interests, and undisputed (except peradventure by other states).20In this paradigm, states simply exist in the world of international relations, with no theoretical explanation for how or wherefore they are formed or why they are the sole actors of the international system. An assumption that for neorealists requires no defence but that is problematic because it draws away from their proposed objectivity. Despite criticising classical realisms traditional and fusty approach, neorealists seem not to mind the metaphysical commitment they make to the state-as-actor assumption that exempts it from scientific criticism21If in classical realism the notion of the state as the main actor in world politics was already problematic because it excludes the possibility of domestic and transnational institutions taking on a role in intern ational relations (one need only to look at the September 11 attacks in the the States and the Arab Spring in the Middle East to recognize their importance) seen through the scope of neorealism the problematic extends even further. concord to classical realism, raison detat is the guiding principle for state behaviour and the interests of statesmen, in international relations, are those that maximize the states power and influence, in order to preserve its health and strength22. Statesmen are encouraged to pursue their interest with detect towards the international order and with ethics and morals always under consideration. The reasoning of Meneicke suggests that the preservation of the state and its political structure ergo its personal identity play a role in defining its behaviour, even if it is a slight one. In neorealism, the identity of the state is not taken into account in the proposed morphologicist analysis. As Ruggie mentions, change at a unit level is unaccounted for.23Differentiation between states is only understood in telling terms states capabilities are only seen in relation to those of other states and, as we have seen before, power is calculated in military capacity. Ashley picks up on Ruggies work and explains that his argument is not recognized by neorealists because the identity of the state is taken for granted and seen as unproblematic.24As Ruggie concludes only structural change can produce systemic change25. In sum, even though units define the system, only an alteration in their proportional capabilities can generate a change in the reigning structure. Internal change continues to play no role in this analysis.The state-as-actor problematic was one that was most emphasized with the failure of neorealism to predict and explain the end of the Cold War, one of the most important events in world politics of the last century. The work of Friedrich Kratochwil is in truth helpful in understanding this failure as he points to thr ee different areas where neorealism was embarrassed, mainly cod to its incapacity to account for changes within the state, other than those that concern military capabilities.26If we look at the Soviet Unions military capacity before, during and one year after the events of the perestroika and the glasnost, we find that there was no decrease in the USSRs capabilities that could account for such a systemic change in the international realm as advocated by the structural analysis of neorealism. Defence spending did not increase in the 1980s and even if we accept the argument of economic pressure on the Soviet Union, there is no explanation in Waltzs theory for why and when such transformation derivered.27The dissolution of the Soviet Union, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany had all derived from a move point in the Kremlins domestic politics, with change coming from inside the USSR rather than as the outcome of structural pressures on the country, as neore alists would suggest.28The third and last argument made by Kratochwil is that realist US foreign policy makers had already predicted that a change in the international system, that was in place during the Cold War, would only occur through domestic change.29Although neorealism portrayed itself as as more scientific perspective of international relations it failed where practice and experience were successful. The issue is also referred to by Ashley when he argues that neorealism denies the importance of practice, adding that people are reduce to some idealized homo oeconomicus, able only to carry out, but never to reflect critically on, the limited rational logic that the system demands of them.30Kratochwil argues that the events that took place in 1989/1990 are better explained by a legitimization crisis communism that made the Soviet Union look at Western Europe success in maintaining peace. The fall of the Berlin Wall and consequent reunification of Germany can, therefore, be pe rceived as a move that the USSR axiom would serve its own security interests better than a Germany wandering between East and West.31Although these events cannot be appreciated through the systemic scope of neorealism, the interest approach of classical realists could have been able to predict such a move.I conclude that the neorealist systemic approach to international relations does indeed provide an additional analytical edge over classical realism in the sense that it introduces the systemic influence on state actors. However it focuses too much of its attention on the third image and disregards the actions of states and statesmen. Although classical realism cannot be seen as a credible theoretical alternative to neorealism because of the many flaws it contains, it does provide some keenness in the first and second image analysis. As I have also demonstrated, neorealism chose not answer some of the more problematic issues in realist thought, such as the concepts of power and a narchy, and is still unable to provide a theoretical explanation for the state as the main actor approach. It is a small improvement over classical realism but one that needs further development in order not to repeat failures such as the incapacity to predict or explain the end of the Cold War.

Elements Of Promotional Mix

Elements Of Promotional MixThe term mixing implies that a companys promotion dodging is foc utilize on to a greater extent than ane element, so the challenge is to integrate these different communication to a faultls in an effective means. Following are different elements advertise Any paid form of non-personal communication of ideas or products in the prim media, i.e. television, the press, plug-ins, cinema, and radio. it possesses strengths and limitations , and should be combined with opposite promotional tools to form an integrated marketing communication theory campaign.Media vehiclesTelevision Presence in room with set switched on at turn of clock subtile to relevant channel, provided that presence in room with set on is for at least 15 back-to-back secondsPress Read or looked at any issue (for at least two minutes) at bottom the publication period (for character, for weeklies, in spite of appearance the last seven days)Posters traffic past site (including ped estrians)Cinema factual cinema admissionsKey characteristicsGood for awareness building because it can crap a wide audition quickly.repetition means that a brand positioning concept can be communicated effectively seat be used to aid the sales effort, to legitimize a company and its productsThe top five advertisers in UKProcter and GambleCOI Communications (UK Govt)UnileverLOreal GoldenBTSource European Marketing Pocket Book2006, Henley-on-Thomas, World Advertising search canter Ltd.Personal Selling Personal Selling occurs when the company representative interacts demandly with a consumer or prospective consumer to communicate near the good or service. This form of promotion is a far more intimate way to talk to the market. Many organisations relay heavy on personal selling because at times the personal touch can carry more weight than mass media material. In a occupation-to-business market situations such as at sash UK participating in international trade shows provides an example for sales pot at sash o demonstrate their goods, provide a personal touch, and cause to develop crucial consanguinitys with clients. Also, many industrial products and services are too thickening or expensive to market effectively in impersonal ways (such as by dint of mass advertising)Another payoff of personal selling is that salespeople are firms eyes and ears in the market place. They learn which competitors are talking to customers, what is beingness offered, what new rival products are on the way and all sorts of competitors intelligence. Salespeople perform a vital situation in the success of firms consumer relationship counselling system- providing a source of timely and accurate developmental input ab erupt customers and market. Personal selling has such(prenominal) importance for students because many graduate jobs with marketing background pass on repose master sales jobs. The old business adage nothing happens until something is sold translates into many firms placing quite a bit of emphasis on personal selling.Key characteristicsInteractive questions can be answered and objectives overcome variable presentations can be changed dep force outing upon consumer askComplex arguments can be developedRelationships can be reinforced because of its personal nature curb Marketing cypher Marketing refers to any direct communication to a customer or business recipient that is knowing to generate response in the form of an order, and/or a visit to a shop or other place of business for purchase of product. Direct marketing covers a wide array of methods includingDirect mail Direct mail is sent through the postal service to the recipients house or business address with the objective of promoting the product and or maintaining ongoing relationships. Direct mail at its best allows close suckering of individuals in a way not viable using mass advertising media. For example, Heinz employs direct mail to target its customers and prospects. Telemarketing Telemarketing is a marketing communication system where trained specialists use telecommunications and information technologies to conduct marketing and sales activities. For example callers by using their credit cards may book theatre tickets or sports tickets or purchase products online. account Marketing Catalogue marketing is the sale of products through catalogues distributed to agents and customers, usually by mail or at stores if the catalogue marketer is the store owner. Catalogue marketing is go forthular in Europe, with such organisations as Otto Versand and Quelle Schikedanz (Germany), GUS and attached Directory (UK). Key characteristicsIndividual targeting of customers most likely to respond to an appealCommunication can be personaliseShort term effectiveness can be easily measuredA continuous relationship through periodic contact can be builtActivities are less visible to competitors lucre promotion The web gives the marketers to reach customers in a ne w and exciting way. The promotion of product pr s to consumers and business through electronic media. Online advertising has grown in European Union to 6.8 one thousand million in 2007, having substantially increasing in later years. Specific forms of meshwork advertising include pennants, buttons pop up ads, search engines and directories and emails.Banners These rectangular graphics at the top or bottom of web pages were the low form of web advertising. Although the effectiveness of banners remains in question (banners now receive less than one percent reach -through rate), they still remain most popular form of web-advertising.Buttons These are small banner type publicizings that a company can place anywhere on a page. Early in the life of the internet, buttons encouraging suffers to Download Netscape Now became a standard on many websites were responsible for much of Netscape early success.Search Engine and Directory Listings Just as the yellow pages and other directories of advertising media, so too are search engines and other online directory listings. Increasingly, firms are paying search engines for more visible or high placement on result lists.Pop up Ads A pop up ad is an advertisement that appears on a screen while a web page is being loaded or after it is loaded. Because the pop up ad will take the centre of the screen while surfers are waiting ti desired page to load, they are difficult to ignore. Because surfers find pop ups nuisance, most internet access software provides an option that blocks all the pop ups. A pop up ad opens in separate browser window. Web advertisers are typically charged only if people actually click through to the ad.E- mail For advertising, E-mail is becoming as convincing as radio and television. It is one of the easiest way of communication with customers because marketers can send unsolicited e-mail advertising messages to thousands of users y spamming- sending unsolicited e-mail to five or more people not pe rsonally chicanen to sender.Key characteristicsGlobal reach at the relatively low costThe tote up of site visits can be measuredA dialogue between companies and their consumers and suppliers can be establishedConvenient form of searching and buying products.Direct sales possibleSales Promotion Sales Promotion as marketing activities usually peculiar(prenominal) to a time period, place, or customer group which encourage a direct response from consumers or marketing intermediaries, through the offer of additional benefits. Media and non media communication are employed for a predetermined to plus consumer demand and improve product avail baron. Types of sales promotionsNon-Standard Promotions are usually temporary, and may be limited to indisputable customer groups (such as airline frequent flyer schemes) or specific to a particular scattering channel (as in tailor-made promotions involving a producer and a single retailer.Response Oriented Promotions undertake a direct respons e from customers, or those who deal with customers on the producers behalf. The direct response sought is not necessarily for a sale. Promotions may encourage customers to send for a brochure, visit a dealer or consume a sample. The ultimate aim is always sales, but this is true of all marketing activity. wellbeing Oriented Promotions offer their targets, additional benefits, beyond the standard marketing mix. The enhanced nix could include spear carrier product, a reduced price or an added item, service or opportunity.Key characteristicsincentives provide quick come along to salesEffects may be only short termProduct trial very much twinned with a competitionGift Coupons helps to encourage repeat purchasesSuitable if push strategy is usedSuitable if the product is ExpensivePublic Relations Public Relations are the communication character that seeks to build good relationships with an organisations public. These include consumers, stockholders, legislators and other shareholders in the organization. Today marketers use public relations activities to make for the attitudes and perceptions of various groups not only towards companies and brands but also towards politicians, celebrities, and -not-for profit organisations. Public Relation is crucial to an organisations ability to establish and maintain a favourable image. The communication of a product or business by placing information about it in the media without paying for the time or space directly. For example, marketers create and manage furtherance unpaid communication about an organisation that gets media exposure. This strategy helps to create awareness about a product or event, as when a local newspaper reporting on an forthcoming concert feature, an question with the bands lead guitarist around the time that the tickets go on sale. Some of the Public Relations impart are Newspapers and magazines articles/reports, charitable contributions, press releases, seminars etc.High credible as message come s from a tierce partyHigher readerships than advertisements in trade and technical publicationsPROMOTIONAL STRATEGY DECISIONSPractising managers faced by a mix of five tactical choicesTarget Prudent marketing managers will make sure that their choices are indeed based on carefully considered target audience analysis, drawing as appropriative on the advice of the professional consultancies that have proliferated in all the subdisciples over the last decade.Message A less evident tactical consideration is the nature of the promotional message. A simple, brash statement might lend itself to poster advertising, perhaps, while a complex persuasive argument could be accomplished by highly individualized and carefully targeted direct mail shot.Cost The cost of available promotional option is clearly a key criterion of choice. The facts are easily accessible in practice but no complex and susceptible to change overtime that it would be rash to attempt even a summary here. beat equally cl early prudent managers will be concerned with the scope for the measurement of effectiveness.Ex Advertising through there is ample scope for debate as to their real worth among experts.Control The nett key factor in deployment describes is the degree of control, the user can exert over the outcome of the initiative.incorporated MARKETING COMMUNICATIONSIntegrated marketing communication (IMC) is the process that marketers used to plan, develop, execute and evaluate coordinated, measurable, persuasive brand communication programmes over time about the organisation and its products to targeted audiences. The objective is to position products and organizations clearly and distinctively in the market place. Integrated marketing communications facilitates the process by which this is achieved by sending out consistent messages through all the components of the promotional mix, so that they reinforce one another. As the array of communication media expands there is greater need to coordin ate the messages and their execution. This has led to the adoption of integrated marketing communications by an increasing number of companies. For Example, it means that we site visuals are consistent with the images portrayed in advertising and that the messages conveyed in a directing campaign are in the with those developed by the public relations department. evolution INTEGRATED MARKETING PLAN clapperclaw 1 Identify Target AudiencesStep 2 prepare Communication objectivesStep 3 Determine and Allocate the marketingcommunication cipherStep 1 To determine who the target market is. Here good customer database is most important. By maintaining the customer database marketers know who their target market as well as the buying behaviour of different segment within the total market.Step 2 To establish communication objectives. The whole point of communicating with customers and prospective customers is to let them know that the organisation has a product to meet their needs in a timel y and low-cost way.Step 3 Determine and Allocate the marketing communications budget seems to be easy in reality its not that simple. It includes three stepsDetermining and allocate the marketing around firms rely on two budgetingTechniques top down and bottom up.Top down budgeting techniques requires top management to establish the general amount that the organisation allocates for the promotional activities and this amount is then divided among advertisements, public relations and other promotional departments. Most commonly used method of techniques arePercentage of salesCompetitive parity nates Up At the beginning identify promotional goals and allocate enough money to promote them. Most commonly used methodObjective taskDeciding the strategy wedge strategy Push Strategy means that the company wants to move its products by convincing members of the distribution channel such as wholesalers, agents or retailers to offer them and entice their customers to select these items. Ex Personal selling, Trade advertisements and sales promotions.Pull Strategy Pull strategy is counting on consumers wanting its products and so convincing retailers to respond to this demand by stocking them. In this case, efforts will emphasis on media advertising and consumer sales promotion to stimulate interest among end consumers who will pull the product onto shop shelves then onto their shopping baskets. Ex Procter and Gamble reduced consumer sales promotion spending in the early 19900s when adopting its value pricing strategy.Designing the Promotional mix budgetFactors affecting the IMC budgetOrganisational FocusMarket PotentialMarket sizeStep 4 It includes determine the specific communication tools that will be used, what message is to be communicated. Planners must ask how elements of promotional mix can be used most effectively to communicate with different target audiences. The message should focus onGet attentionHold Interestcreate desireProduct actionStep 5 The final ste p in marketing communications is to decide whether the plan is working. The marketer needs to determine whether the communication objectives are adequately translated into marketing communications that are reaching the right target audiences.PERSONAL APPEALSThe most immediate way for a marketer to make contact with customer is but to tell them how wonderful the product is. This part of the personal selling element of the promotional mix we mentioned previously. It is the direct interaction between the company representative and consumer that occur in personal or by retrieve or even over interactive computer link. Personal appeals can be tremendously effect, oddly for expensive and complicated consumer items such as computers or cars and for industrial products where human touch is essential.MASS APPEALSThe other pieces of the promotional mix are those messages which are intended to reach many perspective consumers at the uniform time which are impersonal and the lack of human to uch. Examples of mass appeals advertising, Sales promotion and public relations. sound APPEALSMany marketers are starting to figure out that they must find alternatives to traditional advertising. Especially issue consumers are very cynical about the efforts of big corporations to buy their allegiance.Types of Buzz AppealsWord of Mouth gravid people a reason to talk about your products and services and making it easier for that conversation to take place. Ex Burger king and NikeBuzz Marketing Using high- profile entertainment or news to get people to talk about your brand. Ex Puma, Procter and Gamble.Viral Marketing Creating entertaining or informative messages that are designed to be passed along in an exponential fashion, often electronically or by e-mail. Ex Microsoft and Nestle. second Marketing The concept of Guerrilla marketing was invented as an unconventional system of promotions that relies on time, energy and conceit rather than a big marketing budget. The objective of Guerrilla marketing is to create a unique, act and thought provoking concept to generate buzz, and consequently turn viral. It is specifically geared for small business and entrepreneurs.CONCLUSIONOne golden rule of promotions management is that over use of any technique will blunt its effectives. Innovation and creativity are key success factors, and recent advances in packaging and information technology have provided many exciting new ways to offer customers extra benefits. The implications for marketing management of the boom in promotions are becoming increasingly clear. In todays competitive market place the professional management of promotion has become a matter of life and death for an ever growing number of brands.INTRODUCTIONPromotion is one of the four elements of marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion). It is the communication link between the buyers and sellers for the purpose of informing, influencing, or persuading a potential buyers purchasing decision. T ypes of promotionAbove the line promotion Promotion in the media. For example (television, radio, newspapers, internet)Below the line promotion All the other promotion, much of this is intended to be able enough for the consumer to be unaware that promotion is taking place. For example (direct mail, sponsorship, public relations)The specification of these elements creates a promotional mix. These elements are advertising, personal selling, direct marketing, sales promotion, public relations. A promotional mix has wide localise of objectives i.e. new product acceptance, sales to be increased, positioning, creation of brand equity and creation of corporate image.