Gmat Cr

GMAT lively Rea male childing radiation pattern Set 1 2 Aristotle preparation Also Check Out Aristotle Sen cardinalce Correction Grail Aristotle RC Practice Sets 1 & 2 -Ultimate One minute Expla trim downs to OG12SC -Aristotle New SC marvel bank Available for FREE Download on our website 1) Aristotle CR inquiry Bank 2) US B- grooms be 2012 3) Quant Concepts & Formulae 4) Global B- in vex Deadlines 2012 5) OG 11 & 12 curious Questions joust 6) GMAT Scoring Scale Conversion Matrix 7) Inter provinceal (non-US) B-Schools Ranking www. aristotleprep. com 3 IntroductionA lot of GMAT instructors recomm nameinate that to im grow their score on the Critical Reasoning section of the GMAT, students should practice from LSAT Logical Reasoning questions. While general this st rovegy is fine, single hassle students face is that a lot of the questions on the LSAT be non re sacrificeative of those on the GMAT few bedevil tentative answers while nearly be of a question type tha t is non snip- running played on the GMAT at entirely. To help students overcome this problem we, at Aristotle, get down the stairs cardinals skin come come to the fore with compilation of 101 LSAT questions that ar genuinely similar to those that students ar probably to expect on the GMAT.All these questions contribute been compiled from olden official LSAT tests (tests which atomic minute 18 readily operable in the normal domain) and we oasis? t made every changes to these. An answer key has been brookd at the closedown of this view aslet but expla rural atomic number 18as for distributively answer pick up non been provided. In case you want detailed ex fancyation to a question(s) please bunk the question(s) on Forums? section on our website www. aristotleprep. com and adept of experts lead revert deep down 24 hours of the self kindred(a). Good luck CR Practice Set 1 www. aristotleprep. com the the the our 4 1.Ann All the campers at in root Winnehatchee go to Tri -Cities mettle nigh School Bill That? s non neat. Some Tri-Cities students argon campers at Camp Lakemont. Bill? s answer apprize be best explained on the premise that he has interpreted Ann? s remark to mean that (A) closely of the campers at Camp Lakemont come from high schools unused(prenominal)wise than T riCities (B) more than or less Tri-Cities High School students atomic number 18 campers at Camp Winnehatchee (C) some Tri-Cities High School students score withdrawn from Camp Lakemont (D) all Tri-Cities High School students excite withdrawn from Camp Lakemont (E) moreover campers at Camp Winnehatchee ar students at Tri -Cities High School . More than a year ago, the metropolis announced that patrol would crack down on il jurally place cars and that resources would be entertained from writing rush a keen-sighted tickets to ticketing il reasvirtuosodly parked cars. b atomic number 18ly no crackdown has taken place. The police foun tainhead claims that resources have had to be diverted from writing get off rapidlying tickets to combating the city? s staggering drug problem. but the police atomic number 18 still writing as many speeding tickets as ever. on that pointfore, the exc put on to the highest degree resources being tied up in fighting drug-re corpseer(a)d offensive activity simply is not true.The finding in the charge depends on the assumption that (A) every member of the police force is satisfactory to put to work on combating the city? s drug problem (B) drug-related offense is not as well(p) a problem for the city as the police chief claims it is (C) writing speeding tickets should be as definitive a priority for the city as combating drug-related crime (D) the police could be cracking down on il sub judicely parked cars and combating the drug problem without having to reduce writing speeding tickets (E) the police send packingnot continue writing as many speeding tickets as ever whil e diverting resources to combating drug-related crime . Dried grass clip declensiongs mixed into garden soil gradually decompose, providing nutrients for secure soil bacteria. This results in recrudesce -than- norm go down growth. Yet mixing youthful grass clippings into garden soil usually ca handlings poorer than- bonny plant growth. Which ace of the side by side(p), if true, around helps to explain the difference in plant growth described high up? (A) The number of beneficial soil bacteria increases whenever any kind of plant material is mixed into garden soil. (B) Nutrients released by change grass clippings be immediately available to beneficial soil bacteria. ww. aristotleprep. com 5 (C) Some arid grass clippings retain nutrients originally derived from commercial rightn fertilizers, and thus provide redundant enrichment to the soil. (D) Fresh grass clippings mixed into soil decompose rapidly, generating high trains of hot pants that kill beneficial soil bacte ria. (E) When a mix of fresh and dried grass clippings is mixed into garden soil, plant growth often moderates. 4. A gas measure of single cent per gallon would raise unmatched billion dollars per year at current consumption rates.Since a impose of fifty cents per gallon would on that pointfore raise fifty billion dollars per year, it seems a perfect way to deal with the federal budget deficit. This tax would have the addi tional advantage that the resulting drop in the demand for accelerator pedal would be ecologically sound and would get our country from being too dependent on foreign oil stimu subsequents. Which hotshot of the sp argon-time activity close to clearly identifies an geologic fault in the power? s logical thinking? (A) The generator cites irrelevant data. (B) The author relies on incorrect current consumption figures. C) The author shops incompatible assumptions. (D) The author mistakes an effect for a ca employment. (E) The author appeals to conscien ce alternatively than reason. 5. at that place is no reason wherefore the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed in front being published. There is a system in place for the tab or disconfirmation of scientific finding, namely, the replication of results by former(a) scientists. Poor scientific work on the backing office of any wiz scientist, which provide ac chafe doledge anything from upkeepless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It ordain be exposed and rendered innocuous hen former(a) scientists conduct the experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results. Which angiotensin-converting enzyme of the avocation, if true, would expose the consideration? (A) Scientific experiments can go un gainsayd for many historic period in the first place they argon replicated. (B) Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer suss out before publication. (C) Most scientists be under closet to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication. (D) In scientific experiments, careless reporting is more common than fraud. (E) Most scientists work as p cunning of a police squad rather than al matchless. 6.Alice Quotas on automobile imports to the United States should be eliminated. therefore internal staters would have to compete directly with Japanese manufacturers and would be forced to produce higher- t oneness cars. Such competition would be near for consumers. www. aristotleprep. com 6 David You fail to realize, Alice, that quotas on automobile imports are pervasive arenawide. Since German, Britain, and France have quotas, so should the United States. Which one of the by-line near perfectly characterizes David? s response to Alice? s education? (A) David falsely accuses Alice of contradicting herself. B) David unf agate linely directs his communication channel against Alice soulfulnessally. (C) David uncovers a hidden assumption inhering Alice? s position. (D) David takes a posit ion that is similar to the one Alice has taken. (E) David fails to address the reasons Alice cites in favour of her closedown. 7. Governments have scarce one response to public check of soci ally necessary services regulation of the activity of providing those services. But organizations exactfully make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is curiously troublesome in these cartridge clips of strained financial resources.However, sin ce public criticism of child-care services has undermined all confidence in such(prenominal)(prenominal) services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond. Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the passage? (A) The quality of child care result improve. (B) The salute of providing child-care services impart increase. (C) The government will use funding to foster advances in child care. (D) If public criticism of insurance policy is strongly voiced, the governme nt is certain to respond. (E) If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing child care will not increase. . Advertisers are often criticized for their unprincipled manipulation of pile? s tastes and wants. There is secernate, however, that some advertisers are do by moral as salubrious as financial considerations. A particular publication decided to change its image from being a family refreshfuls paper to concentrating on sex and violence, thus appealing to a disparate readership. Some advertisers withdrew their advertisements from the publication, and this moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) have been because they morally disapproved of publishing salacious material. Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the inclination? A) The advertisers switched their advertisements to other(a) family unexampledspapers. (B) Some advertisers switched from family newspapers to advertise in the changed publication. (C) The advertisers expected thei r product sales to increase if they stayed with the changed publication, but to decrease if they withdrew. (D) nation who slackly read family newspapers are not potential to buy newspapers that abbreviate on sex and violence. (E) It was expected that the changed publication would appeal principally to those in a different income group. www. aristotleprep. com 7 9.If retail stores experience a decrease in r sluiceues during this holi sidereal day season, then either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have locomote beyond the level most multitude can afford. If attitudes have changed, then we all have something to celebrate this season. If prices have risen beyond the level most pile can afford, then it mustiness be that salaries have not kept pacing with rising prices during the early(prenominal) year. Assuming the premises higher up to be true, if salaries have kept pace with rising prices during the past year, which one of the following must be true? (A) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed. B) Retail stores will not experience a decrease in retail sales during this holiday season. (C) Prices in retail stores have not risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season. (D) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have not changed, and stores will not experience a decrease in r as yetues during this holiday season. (E) any attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season. 10. The suicide rove that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact.Careful run of the calendar monthly figures on the causes of conclusion in 1929 draws that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In notwithstanding three other months were the monthly figures sw forgo. During the pass months, when the stock market was flourishi ng, the number of suicides was substantially higher. Which one of the following, if true, would best contest the conclusion of the passage? (A) The suicide rate is influenced by many psychological, interpersonal, and societal factors during any channeln historical period. B) October and November have almost always had congenericly high suicide rates, even during the 1920s and 1930s. (C) The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the median(a) for those months during several preceding and following years. (D) During the years surrounding the stock market crash, suicide rates were typically lower at the beginning of any calendar year than toward the end of that year. (E) Because of seasonal worker differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be expected to be the comparable as those for other months. 11.Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the replica victory of birds. For example, Dr. S st raight has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in straining than are older birds, and to a fault less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great volume of birds, are fully grown when they leave www. aristotleprep. com 8 the nest. Thus, it is difficult to suspend the conclusion that they social wel distantthere by their nesting experience.Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the rock n roll? (A) Blackbirds build split nests than other birds. (B) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable testicle increases with individually successive trial during the first few years of reproduction. (C) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time. (D) littler and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully a s bigger and stronger blackbirds. (E) Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest. 12.How do the airlines expect to prevent commercial plane crashes? Studies have manoeuvern that pilot defect contributes to 2- deuce-aces of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airlines have upgraded their training programs by change magnitude the hours of classroom instruction and emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is wild to expect such measures to compensate for pilots? lack of genuine flying time. Therefore, the airlines should think their training approach to reducing commercial crashes. Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the channel depends? A) Training programs can eliminate pilot errors. (B) Commercial pilots routinely undergo rise to poweral training throughout their careers. (C) The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time. (D) Lack of actual flying time is an important subscriber to pilot error in commercial plane crashes. (E) Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs. Questions 13-14 are based on the following Despite improvements in treatment for bronchial asthma, the death rate from this sickness has doubled during the past decade from its previous rate.Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and accurate in the past decade than it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increase dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive health check records and with little or no urban pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause of increase deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms. 13. separately of the following, if true, provides support to t he argument EXCEPT (A) urban tribes have doubled in the past decade. (B) Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years as for the past ten years. (C) Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen. www. aristotleprep. com 9 (D) By temporarily relieving the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more beneficial measures. (E) Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were not available as an asthma treatment. 14. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A) Urban pollution has not doubled in the past decade. (B) Doctors and patients slackly ignore the role of allergies in asthma. (C) Bronchial inhalers are unsafe, even when use fit in to the recommended instructions. (D) The use of bronchial inhalers aggravates other ailments that frequently occur among asthma sufferers and that often lead to fatal outcomes even when the asthma itself does not. (E) Increased u rban pollution, improved recording of asthma deaths, and the use of bronchial inhalers are the lonesome(prenominal) possible explanations of the increased death rate due to asthma. 15.There is little tear down in looking to artists for insights into political deals. Most of them verify political views that are less insightful than those of any fair well educated person who is not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a whole, the statements made by artists, including those considered great, testify that artistic talent and political insight are rarely raise together. Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage? (A) There are no artists who have insights into political issues. (B) A thorough education in art makers a person reasonably well educated. C) Every reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist has more insight into political issues than any artist. (D) Politicians rarely have any artistic talent. (E) Some artists are no less politically insightful than some reasonably well educated persons who are not artists. 16. Rita The original purpose of government put up subsidy programs was to provide income stability for small family put upers. But most farm -subsidy money goes to a few farmers with epic chequerings. Payments to farmers whose income, before subsidies, is greater than $ degree Celsius,000 a year should be stopped.Thomas It would be impossible to administer such a cut -off point. Subsidies are needed during the planting and growing season, but farmers do not know their income for given calendar year until tax returns are calculated and submitted the following April. Which one of the following, if true, is the strongest counter Rita can make to Thomas target areaion? (A) It has become difficult for small farmers to obtain bank loans to be re give later by money from subsidies. (B) Having such a cut-off point would cause some farmers whose income would otherwise exceed $100,000 to reduce their plantings. www. ristot leprep. com 10 (C) The income of a farmer varies because die hard and market prices are not stable from year to year. (D) If subsidy payments to full-grown farmers were eliminated the financial condition of the government would improve. (E) Subsidy cut-offs can be resolved on the basis of income for the preceding year. 17. Modern physicians often employee laboratory tests, in addition to natural examinations, in regularize to examine diseases accurately. Insurance alliance regulations that deny coverage for certain laboratory tests therefore decrease the quality of medical care provided to patients.Which one of the following is an assumption that would serve to discharge the conclusion in a higher place? (A) Physical examinations and the uncovered laboratory tests together provide a more accurate diagnosis of many diseases than do physical examinations alone. (B) Many physicians generally oppose insurance company regulations that, in order to reduce costs, dress the use of laboratory tests. (C) Many patients who might benefit from the uncovered laboratory tests do not have any form of health insurance. D) There are some illnesses that undergo physicians can diagnose accurately from physicians examination alone. (E) Laboratory tests are more costly to fulfill than are physical examinations. 18. Oil analysts count on that if the price of oil waterfall by half(a), the consumers purchase price for gasoline made from this oil will also fall by half. Which one of the following, if true, would cast the most heavy doubt on the prediction made by the oil analysts? (A) alter automobile technology and new kinds of elicit for cars have enabled some drivers to use less gasoline. B) Gasoline manufacturers will not wave their profit margins. (C) There are many different gasoline companies that compete with each othe r to provide the most attr brisk price to consumers. (D) Studies in several countries show that the amount of gasoline purchased by consumers i nitially rises later the price of gasoline has fallen. (E) Refining costs, distribution costs, and taxes, none of which varies significantly with oil prices, constitute a large portion of the prices of gasoline. 19. A survey was recently conducted among ferry passengers on the North Sea.Among the results was this more of those who had taken anti - naupathia medication before their moorage reported symptoms of seasickness than those who had not taken such medication. It is clear then, that condescension claims by drug companies that clinical tests show the contrary, people would be better off not taking anti -seasickness medications. Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above? www. aristotleprep. com 11 (A) Given rough enough weather, most ferry passengers will have some symptoms of seasickness. (B) The clinical tests reported by the drug companies were conducte d by the drug companies staffs. C) People who do not take anti -seasickness medication are just as credibly to respond to a survey on seasickness as people who do. (D) The seasickness symptoms of the people who took anti -seasickness medication would have been more sinful had they not taken the medication. (E) People who have spent money on anti -seasickness medication are less likely to admit symptoms of seasickness than those who have not. 20. Economic considerations colour every aspect of global traffic, and nations are just like individuals in that the lender sets the bourns of its dealing with the borrower.That is why a nation that owes money to anoth er nation cannot be beingness leader. The reasoning in the passage assumes which one of the following? (A) A nation that does not lend to any other nation cannot be a world leader. (B) A nation that can set the damage of its dealings with other nations is certain to be a world leader. (C) A nation that has the terms of its dealings with another action set by that nation cannot be a world leader. (D) A nation that is a world leader can borrow from another nation as long as that other nation does not set the terms of the dealings amongst the two nations. E) A nation that has no dealings with any other nation cannot be world leader. 21. Political theorist The chief engraftations of all governments are the legal system and the police force and as there cannot be a good legal system where the police are not well paid, it follows that where the police are well paid there will be good legal system. The reasoning in the argument is not sound because it fails to establish that (A) many governments with bad legal systems have poorly paid police forces. B) bad governments with good legal systems must have poorly paid police forces. (C) a well-paid police force cannot be effective without a good legal system. (D) a well-paid police force is sufficient to guarantee a good legal system (E) some bad governments have good legal systems. 22. approach records from chivalrous France show that in the years 1300 to 1400 the number of people arrested in the French realm for rough interpersonal crimes (not committed in wars) increased by 30 percent over the number of people arrested for such crimes in the years 1200 to 1300.The increase was not the result of false arrests therefore, medieval France had a higher level of documented interpersonal violence in the years 1300 to 1400 than in the years 1200 to 1300. Which one of the following statements, if true, most in earnest weakens the argument? www. aristotleprep. com 12 (A) In the years 1300 to 1400 the French governments category of violent crimes include an increasing variety of interpersonal crimes that are actually nonviolent. (B) historical accounts by monastic chroniclers in the years 1300 to 1400 are fill ed with descriptions of violent attacks committed by people vivification in the French realm C) The number of individual agreements between two people in which they swore oaths not to attack each other increased substa ntially afterward 1300. (D) When English armies tried to conquer parts of France in the mid to late 1300s. violence in the northern province of Normandy and the south -western province of Gascony increased. (E) The population of medical France increased substantially during the first five decades of the 1300s until the deadly bubonic plague decimated the population of France after 1348. 23.Rhizobium bacteria living in the root of bean plants or other le gumes produce fixed normality which is one of the essential plant nutrients and which for non -legume crops, such as wheat usually must be supplied by applications of nitrogen -based fertilizer. So if biotechnology succeeds in producing wheat strains whose r oots will play host to Rhizobium bacteria, the need for contrived fertilizers will be reduced. The argument above makes which one of the following assumptions? (A) Biotechnology should be directed toward producing plants that do not control artificial fertilizer. B) Fixed ni trogen is currently the whole soil nutrient that must be supplied by artificial fertilizer for growing wheat crops. (C) There are no naturally occurring strains of wheat or other grasses that have Rhizobium bacteria living in their roots. (D) Legumes are currently the only crops that produce their own supply of fixed nitrogen. (E) Rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of wheat would produce fixed nitrogen. 24. Current polity that requires designated sections for warmerrs and non-smokers on the premises of sequesteredly owned trackes is an intrusion into the hush-hush sector that cannot be justify.The fact that studies indicate that non-smokers might be harmed by inhaling the smoke from others cig arettes is not the main issue. Rather, the main issue stirs the governments violation of the right of private telephone linees to determine their own policies and rule. Which one of the following is principle that, if accepted, could enable the conclusion to be right drawn? (A) Government intrusion into the policies and rules of private linees is justified only when individuals might be harmed. (B) The right of individuals to breathe safe air supersedes the right of line of merchandisees to be free from government intrusion. C) The right of businesses to self-determination overrides whatsoever right or duty the government whitethorn have to cling to the individual. (D) It is the duty of private businesses to protect employees from harm in the workplace. (E) Where the rights of businesses and the duty of government conflict, the main issue is finding a successful compromise. www. aristotleprep. com 13 25. Leachate is a solution, frequently extremely grime, that engenders when water permeates a landfill site. If and only if the landfills capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachate escape into the environment, genera lly in unpredictable quantities.A method must be frame for disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is send directly to sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are unfastened of handling the super contaminated water. Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage? (A) The ability to predict the volume of escaping landfill leachate would help solve the disposal problem. (B) If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will escape into the environment. (C) No sewage treatment plants are capable of handling leachate. (D) Some landfill leachate is send to sewage treatment plants that re incapable(p) of handling it. (E) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfills capacity to hold liquids has not been exceeded. 26. The soaring prices of scholarly and scientific day masss have forced donnish libraries use only by academic researchers to drastically reduce their list of subscriptions. Some have suggested that in each academic discipline subscription decisions should be determined solely by a journals usefulness in that discipline, metrical by the frequency with which it is cited in published writings by researchers in the discipline.Which one of the following, if true, most mischievously calls into question the sugge stion described above? (A) The non-academic readership of a scholarly or scientific journal can be accurately gauged by the number of times binds appearing in it are cited in daily newspapers and popular magazines. (B) The ordinary length of a journal article in some sciences, such as physics, is less than half the just length of a journal article in some other academic disciplines, such as history. (C) The increasingly expensive scholarly journals are less and less likely to be available to the general public from non-academic public libraries. D) Researchers often will not cite a journal article that has influenced their work if they think that the journal in which it appears is not highly regarded by the leading researchers in the mainstream of the discipline (E) In some academic disciplines, cont roversies which begin in the pages of one journal spill over into articles in other journals that are widely read by researchers in the discipline. 27. The average level of fat in the credit line of peo ple distraint from discriminating cases of disease W is lower than the average level for the population as a whole.Nevertheless, most doctors believe that reducing sincere eye-fat levels is an effective way of preventing acute W. www. aristotleprep. com 14 Which one of the following, if true, does most to justify this apparently paradoxical belief? (A) The blood level of fat for patients who have been cured of W is on average the equivalent as that for the population at large. (B) some(prenominal) of the symptoms indication of acute W have been produced in laboratory faunas fed large doses of a synthetic fat substitute, though acute W itself has not been produced in this way. C) The proceedion from latent to acute W can occur only when the agent that causes acute W absorbs large quantities of fat from the patients blood. (D) The levels of fat in the blood of patients who have disease W respond abnormally soft to changes in dietary expenditure of fat. (E) High levels of fat in the blood are indicative of several diseases that are just as serious as W. 28. Baking for winter holidays is tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight.Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brains levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improve the mood. In this respect, ampere-second hydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self prescribed medication. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? (A) Seasonal depression is one of the most easily tough forms of depression. (B) Lack of sunlight lowers the level of seroton in in the brain. (C) People are more likely to be depressed in midwinter than at other times of the year. D) Some antidepressants act by changing the brains level of serotonin. (E) tiptop the level of neurotransmitters in the brain effectively relieves depression. 29. The current proposal to give college students a broader choice in planning their own courses of study should be abandoned. The students who are supporting the proposal will never be satisfied, no matter what requirements are established. Some of these students have reached their third year without declaring a study. One first-year student has failed to complete four required courses. Several others have indicated a serious indifference to grades and intellectual achievement.A flaw in the argument is that it does which one of the following? (A) avoids the issue by focusing on supporters of the proposal (B) argues circularly by assuming the conclusion is true in stating the premises. (C) fails to define the critical te rm satisfied (D) distorts the proposal advocated by opponents (E) users the term student equivocally 30. The question whether wakeless spirit exists elsewhere in the earthly concern is certainly imprecise because we are not sure how different from us something might be and still count as legal life. Yet we cannot just decide to define intelligent life in www. ristotleprep. com 15 some more precise way since it is likely that we will find and recognize intelligent life elsewhere in the universe only if we leave our definitions open to new, unimagined possibilities. The argument can most reasonably be interpreted as an objection to which one of the following claims? (A) The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is one that will never be correctly answered. (B) Whether or not there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, our understanding of intelligent life is limited. (C) The question close(predicate) the existence of intelligent life elsewhe re in the niverse must be made more precise if we anticipate to answer it correctly. (D) The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is so imprecise as to be meaningless. (E) The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is one we should not spend our time trying to answer. 31. Pedro Unlike cloth diapers, disposable diapers are a threat to the environment. Sixteen billion disposable diapers are put away annually, filling up landfills at an alarming rate. So people must stop buying disposable diapers and use cloth diapers.Maria But you get out that cloth diapers must be washed in hot water, which requires energy. Moreover, the resulting wastewater chokes our rivers. When families use diaper services, diapers must be delivered by provoke -burning trucks that pollute the air and add to traffic congestion. Maria objects to Pedros argument by (A) claiming that Pedro overstates the negative leaven close to disposable diapers in the course of his argument in favour of cloth diapers. (B) indicating that Pedro draws a hasty conclusion, based on unequal to(predicate) evidence more or less cloth diapers. C) pointing out that there is an ambiguous use of the word disposable in Pedros argument (D) demonstrating that cloth diapers are a far more serious threat to the environment than disposable diapers are (E) suggesting that the frugal advantages of cloth diapers outweigh whatever environmental damage they may cause 32. In an experiment, two-year-old boys and their draws made pie dough together using bankroll pins and other utensils. Each father-son pair used a rolling pin that was distinctively different from those used by the other, father -son pairs, and each father repeated the phrase rolling pin each time his son used it.But when the children were asked to identify all of the rolling pins among a group of kitchen utensils that included several rolling pins, each child picked only the one that he had used. Which one of the following inferences is most supported by the information above? (A) The children did not grasp the function of rolling pin. www. aristotleprep. com 16 (B) No two children understood the name rolling pin to apply to the same object (C) The children understood that all rolling pins have the same general shape. (D) Each child was able to identify correctly only the utensils that he had used. E) The children were not able to distinguish the rolling pins they used from other rolling pins. 33. When 100 people who have not used cocaine are tested for cocaine use, on average only 5 will test confirming. By contrast, of every 100 people who have used cocaine 99 will test positive. Thus, when a randomly chosen group of peopl e is tested for cocaine use, the vast major(ip)ity of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine. A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument (A) attempts to infer a lever judgment from purely factual premises. B) attributes to every member of the population the properties of the average member of the population. (C) fails to take into account what proportion of the population have used cocaine. (D) ignores the fact that some cocaine users do not test positive. (E) advocates scrutiny people for cocaine use when there is no reason to singular that they have used cocaine. 34. With the passage of the new tax reform law the annual tax burden on low -income taxpayers will be reduced, on average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers.Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion above? (A) Tax reform, by simplifying the tax code will save many people the spell off of having an accountant do their taxes. (B) Tax reform, by eliminating tax incentives to build letting housing, will push up rents an average of somewhat $40 per month for low-income taxpayers. (C) Low-income taxpayers have systematically voted for those p olitical candidates who are strong advocates of tax reform. (D) The new tax reform laws will permit low and middle-income taxpayers to deduct Child-care expenses from their taxes. E) at a lower place the new tax reform laws, many low-income taxpayers who now pay taxes will no Longer be required to do so. 35. If we are to expand the exploration of our solar system our near manned flight should be to Phobos, one of deflower? s moons, rather than to Mars itself. The fli ght times to each are the same but the Phobos expedition would require less than half the fuel load of a Mars expedition and would, therefore, be very much less costly. So, it is clear that Phobos should be our next step in outer space exploration. Which one of the following, if true, would most help to explain the difference in fuel requirement? A) More equipment would be required to explore Phobos than to explore Mars. (B) Smaller spaceships require less fuel than larger spaceships. www. aristotleprep. com 17 (C) Information learned during the voyage to Phobos can be used during a subsequent trip to Mars. (D) The shortest distance between Phobos and Mars is less than half the shortest distance among Earth and Mars. (E) Lift-off for the return trip from Phobos requires much less fuel than that from Mars because of Phobos weaker gravitational pull. 36.Scientific research that involves world-wide coaction has produ ced papers of greater influence, as measured by the number of times a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects conducted by international research teams are of greater importance than those conducted by single researchers. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A) Prolific writers can flip ones wig the number of citations they receive by citing themselves in subsequent papers. (B) It is possible to specify whether or not a paper is the product of international collaboration by determining the number of citations it has received (C) The number of citations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it reports. (D) The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce papers that are as important as papers that are prod uced by international collaboration. E) International research teams tend to be more generously funded than are single researchers. 37. It is more desirable to have some form of socialised medicine than a system of medical care relying on the private sector. Socialized medicine is more broadly accessible than is private-sector system. In addition, since countries with socialize medicine have a lower infant mortality rate than do countries with a system relying entirely on the private sector, socialise d medicine seems to be technologically superior.Which one of the following best indicates a flaw in the argument about the technological superiority of socialized medicine? (A) The lower infant mortality rate might be due to the systems allowing greater access to Medical care (B) There is no necessary connection between the economic system of socialism and technical achievement. (C) Infant mortality is a reliable indicator of the quality of medical care for children. (D) No list is presented of the countries whose infant mortality statistics are summarized under the two categories, socialized and private-sector. E) The argument presupposes the desirability of socialized medicine, which is what the Argument seeks to-establish. www. aristotleprep. com 18 38. Lourdes Dietary fictional character is an important part of a healthful diet. Experts recommend that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of fibre a day. Kyra But a daily intake of fibre that is significantly above that recommended leve l interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium. The public should be told to cut act on fibre intake Which one of the following, if true, most undermines Kyra? s recommendation? A) Among adults, the average consumption of dietary fibre is at present approximately 10 grams a day. (B) The more a food is processed, the more the fibre is garbled down and the lower the fibre content. (C) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fibre are economical and readily available (D) Adequate calcium intake helps prevent the decrease in bone mass cognise as osteoporosis. (E) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fibre are popular with consumers. 39. take Review When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city as well as I do if I am to take that writer soberly.If the writer is faking I know immediately and do not trust the writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the story teller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my utilisation of a good novel. Peter Lees second novel is set in San Francisco, in this novel, as in his first, Lee passes my test with flying colours. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? (A) The book referee enjoys virtually any novel write by a novelist whom she trusts B) If the book lector trusts the novelist as a storyteller, the novel in question must be set in a city the book lector knows well (C) Peter Lees first novel was set in San Francisco (D) The book criticismer does not trust any novel set in a city that she does not know well (E) The book reviewer does not believe that she knows San Francisco better than Peter Lee does 40. Prominent business decision makers often play active roles in United States chairmanial campaigns as fundraisers or backroom strategists but few actually seek to become chairwoman themselves.Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become preside nt have been l awyers, war machine leaders, or full -time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative as a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power sharin g, which are inherent in politics. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the proposed explanation of why business executives do not run for president? A) Many of the most active presidential fundraisers and backroom strategists are themselves politicians. www. aristotleprep. com 19 (B) Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power sharing than are business executives. (C) Some of the skills needed to become a successful lawyer are different from some of those needed to become a successful military leader. (D) Some former presidents have engaged in business ventures after leaving office (E) Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporters of candidates for president. 1. A scientific conjecture is a good theory i f it satisfies two requirements it must accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle? s cosmological theory, which claimed that everything was made out of four elements earth, air, fire, and water satisfied the first requirement but it did not make any definite prediction. Thus, Aristotle? cosmological theory was not a good theory. If all the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT (A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory. (B) Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle? s cosmological Theory (C) Four elements ca n be the basis of a scientific model that is simp le enough to conform to the Simplicity criterion of a good theory. (D) A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory (E) Aristotle? cosmological theory described a large class of observations in terms of only four elements. 42. Compared to non-profit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less public investment in the form of tax breaks, use fewer employees, and have higher military control levels. It can therefore be concluded that investor -owned hospitals are a better way of delivering medical care than are non-profit hospitals. Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion drawn above? (A) Non-profit hospitals charge more per bed than do investor-owned hospitals. B) Patients in non-profit hospitals recover more quickly than don patients with comparable Illnesses in investor-owned hospitals (C) Non-profit hospitals do more fundraising than do investor-owned hospit als. (D) Doctors at non-profit hospitals earn higher salaries than do also qualified doctors at investor-owned hospitals. (E) Non-profit hospitals receive more donations than do investor-owned hospitals. 43. The antiquated Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten, who had a profound effect during his lifetime on Egyptian art and religi on, was well loved and highly respected by his subjects.We know this from the grating loyalty show to him by his palace guards, as documented in reports written during Akhenaten? s reign. A questionable technique used in the argument is to www. aristotleprep. com 20 (A) Introduce information that actually contradicts the conclusion (B) avow on evidence that in principle would be impossible to challenge (C) Make a generalization based on a have that is likely to be un exercise (D) Depend on the ambiguity of the term ancient (E) Apply present-day standards in an inappropriate way to ancient times 44.Zelda Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly dem onstrated that his theory about the determinants of rat behaviour generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will coiffe in a maze. On the basis of this evidence Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct. Anson Then Dr. Ladlow is not responsible psychologist. Dr. Ladlow? s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct. Responsible psychologists always accept the incident that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect.Which one of the following can be properly inferred from Anson? s argument? (A) Dr. Ladlow? s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rates will perform in a maze is inaccurate (B) Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories cannot responsibly co nclude that those theories cannot be disproved (C) No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical exp lanations. (D) Responsible psychologists do not make predictions about how rats will perform in a maze E) Psychologists who accept the contingency that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are responsible psychologists. 45. Smith Meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say. After all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do? Which one of the following is a flaw in Smith? s reasoning? (A) Attacking the opponents? motives instead of their argument (B) Generalizing on the basis of a sample consisting of a typical cases (C) Assuming at the outset what the argument claims to establish through reasoning D) Appealing to authority, even when different authorities give conflicting advic e about an issue (E) Taking for granted that experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, in their best interest 46. The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin? s brain are littler than corresponding areas in the brain of the unaffected twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery www. aristotleprep. com 1 provides definitive evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument? (A) The brain of person suffering from schizophrenia is smaller than the brain of anyone not suffering from schizophrenia (B) The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains of schizophrenics is not the result of schizophrenia or of medications used i n its treatment. (C) The brain of a person with an identical twin is no smaller, on average, than the brain of person who is not twines. D) When a pair of identical twins both suffer from schizophrenia, their brains are the same size (E) People who have an identical twin are no more likely to suffer from sc hizophrenia than those who do not. 47. Sixty adults were asked to keep a diary of their meals, including what they consumed, when, and in the company of how many people . It was found that at meals with which they drank hard beverages, they consumed about 175 calories more from non-alcoholic source than they did at meals with which they did not drink alcoholic beverages.Each of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of the difference in thermic intake EXCEPT (A) Diners spent a much longer time at meals served with alcohol than they did at those serve without alcohol. (B) The meals eaten later in the day tended to be larger than those eaten earlier in the day, and later meals were more likely to include alcohol. (C) People eat more when there are more people present at the meal, and more people tended to be present at meal served with alcohol than at meal s served without alcohol. D) The meals that were most carefully prepared and most attractively served tended to be those at which alcoholic beverages were consumed (E) At meals that included alcohol, relatively more of the total calories consumed came from carbohydrates and relatively fewer of them came from fats and proteins. 48. Something must be done to ease traffic congestion. In handed-down small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived, but now that stores and workplaces are localized far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid travelling long distances each day.Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways, the maximum speed averages only 35 miles per hour. Which one of the following proposals is most supported by the statements above? (A) The maximum speed limit on major highways should be increased. (B) People who now travel on major highways should be encouraged to travel on lowly roads instead. (C) Residents of the remaining traditional small towns should be encouraged to run to the suburbs. www. aristotleprep. c om 22 (D) Drivers who travel well below the maximum speed limit on major highways should be fined. E) New businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to w here their workers would live. 49. College professor College students do not write nearly as well as they used to. Almost all of the papers that my students have done for me this year have been poorly written and ungrammatical. Which one of the following is the most serious weakness in the argument made by the professor? (A) It requires confirmation that the change in the professors students is representative of a change among college students in general. (B) It offers no proof to the effect that the professor is an accurate taste of writing ability. C) It does not take into account the possibility that the professor is a poor teacher. (D) It fails to present contrary evidence. (E) It fails to define its terms sufficiently. 50. Mayor of Plainsville In order to help the economy of Plainsville, I am using some of our tax reve nues to help bring a major highway through the town and thereby attract new business to Plainsville. Citizens group You must have interests other than our economy in mind. If you were rightfully interested in helping our economy, you would instead allocate the revenues to building a new business park since it would bring in twice the business that your highway would.The argument by the citizens group relies on which one of the following assumptions? (A) Plainsville presently has no major highways running through it. (B) The mayor accepts that a new business park would bring in more new business than would the new highway. (C) The new highway would have no benefits for Plainsville other than attracting new business. (D) The mayor is required to get approval for all tax revenue allocation plans from the city council. (E) Plainsvilles economy will not be helped unless a new business park of the sort envisioned by the citizens group is built. 51.Recently, highly skilled workers in East ern Europe have left jobs in record numbers to emigrate to the West. It is therefore likely that skilled workers who remain in Eastern Europe are in high demand in their home countries. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? (A) Eastern European factories prefer to hire workers from their home countries rather than to import workers from abroad. www. aristotleprep. com 23 (B) Major changes in Eastern European economic structures have led to the elimination of many positions previously held by the highly skilled emigrants. C) Many Eastern European emigrants need to acquire new skills after finding work in the West. (D) Eastern European countries plan to train many new workers to replace the highly skilled workers who have emigrated. (E) Because of the departure of skilled workers from Eastern European countries, many positions are now unfilled. 52. Two palaeontologists, Dr Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints th at were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr.Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics a square heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot. Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tysons conclusion. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines Dr. Tysons conclusion? (A) The foot prints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at to the lowest degree two distinct individuals. B) Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, only that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe. (C) Footprints shaped like a humans that do not show a cross -stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous. (D) When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening, some details of some of the footprints were erased. (E) Most of the other footprints at site G were of sensuals with hooves. 53.It is not know whether bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a disease of cattle invariably deadly to them, can be transmitted directly from one infected animal to another at all stages of the infection. If it can be, there is now a reservoir of infected cattle incubating the disease. There are no diagnostic tests to identify infected animals before the animals show bald symptoms. Therefore, if such direct transmission occurs, the disease cannot be eradicated by ____ Which one of the following best completes the argument? (A) removing from the herd and destroying any diseased animal as soon as it shows the typical symptoms of advanced BSE B) development a drug that kills the agent that cause BSE, and then treating with that dr ug all cattle that might have the disease (C) destroying all cattle in areas where BSE occurs and raising cattle only in areas to which BSE is known not to have spread (D) underdeveloped a vaccine that confers long immunity against BSE and giving it to all cattle, destroying in due course all those animals for which the vaccine protection came too late www. aristotleprep. com 24 (E) developing a diagnostic test that does identify any infected animal and destroying all animals found to be infected 4. Auto industry executive Statistics show that cars that were built smaller af ter 1977 to make them more fuel-efficient had a higher incidence of accident-related fatalities than did their earlier larger counterparts. For this reason we oppose recent guidelines that would require us to produce cars with higher fuel efficiency. Which of the following, if true, would constitute the strongest objection to the executives argument? (A) Even after 1977, large automobiles were frequently invol ved in accidents that caused death or serious injury. B) Although fatalities in accidents involving small cars have increased since 1977, the number of accidents has decreased. (C) New computerized fuel systems can enable large cars to meet fuel efficiency standards established by the recent guidelines. (D) Modern technology can make small cars more fuel-efficient today than at any other time in their production history. (E) Fuel efficiency in models of large cars rose immediately after 1977 but has been declining ever since. 55. No one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject.Since political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and dash learned through apprenticeship and experience, only seasoned politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all. A major weakness of the argument is that it (A) relies on a generalization about the characteristic that makes someone compete nt to pass judgment (B) fails to give specific examples to embellish how political know-how can be acquired (C) uses the term apprenticeship to describe what is seldom a formalized relationship D) equates political know-how with understanding the social implications of political policies (E) assumes that when uninitiated politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians 56. Impact craters caused by meteorites smashing into earth, have been found all around the globe but they have been found in the greatest minginess in geologically stable regions. This relatively greater abundance of steadfastly identified crater s in geologically stable regions must be explained by the lower rates of d estructive geophysical processes in those regions.The conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? (A) A meteorite that strikes exactly the same spot as an earlier meteorite will blotted out all traces of the earlier impact. www. arist otleprep. com 25 (B) Rates of destructive geophysical processes within any given region vary markedly throughout geological time. (C) The rate at which the Earth is struck by meteorites has greatly increased in geologically recent times. (D) Actual meteorite impacts have been scattered fairly evenly over the Earths surface in the course of Earths geological history. E) The Earths geologically stable regions have been studied more intensively by geologists than have its less stable regions. 57. That the policy of nuclear deterrence has worked thus far is unquestionable. Since the end of the Second World War, the very fact that there were nuclear armaments in existence has kept major powers from using nuclear weapons, for dismay of starting a worldwide nuclear exchange that would make the land of the power initiating it uninhabitable. The proof is that a third world war between superpowers has not excreteed. Which one of the following, if true, indicates a flaw in the argument? A) M aintaining a high level of nuclear armaments represents a significant drain on a countrys economy. (B) From what has happened in the past, it is impossible to infer with certainty what will happen in the future, so an accident could still trigger a third world war between superpowers. (C) Continuing to produce nuclear weapons beyond the minimum needed for deterrence increases the likelihood of a nuclear accident. (D) The major powers have engaged in many smaller-scale military operations since the end of the Second World War, while refraining from a nuclear onfrontation. (E) It cannot be known whether it was nuclear deterrence that worked, or some other factor, such as a recognition of the economic value of remaining at peace. 58. A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top canton of the graduating class in 1960. Which one of the followin g most helps account for the apparent contradict ion above? (A) A disproportionately large number of high -ranking alumni responded to the survey. B) Few, if any, respondents were mistaken about their class rank. (C) Not all the alumni who were actually in the top quarter responded to the survey. (D) Almost all of the alumni who graduated in 1960 responded to the survey. (E) Academic rank at Aurora University was based on a number of considerations in addition to average grades. 59. The seventeenth- carbon physicist Sir Isaac atomic number 7 is remembered chiefly for his treaties on motion and gravity. But Newton also conducted experiments secretly for www. aristotleprep. com 26 any years based on the arcane theories of alchemy, trying unsuccessfully to transmute common metals into gold and produce rejuvenating elixirs. If the alchemists of the seventeenth century had published the results of their experiments, chemistry in the eighteenth century would have been more advanced that it actually was. Which one of the following assumptions would allow the conclusion concerning eighteenth-century chemistry to be properly drawn? (A) Scientific progress is retarded by the reluctance of historians to acknowledge the failures of some of the great scientists. B) Advances in science are hastened when reports of experiments, whether successful or not, are available for review by other scientists. (C) Newtons work on motion and gravity would not have gained wide acceptance if the results of his work in alchemy had also been made public. (D) Increasing specialization within the sciences makes it difficult for scientists in one field to understand the principles of other fields. (E) The seventeenth-century alchemists could have achieved their goals only if their experiments had been subjected to public scrutiny. 0. sedimentary rock hardens within the earths crust as lavers of matter accumulate and the pressure of the layers above converts the layers below into rock. One pa rticular layer of sedimentary rock that contains an unusual amount of the element iridium has been presented as support for a theory that a meteorite collided with the earth some sixty million years ago. Meteorites are rich in iridium compared to the earths crust, and geologists theorize that a meteorites striking with the earth raised a huge cloud of iridium-laden dust.The dust, they say, event