'Wind Power Cluster in Denmark\r'

'Microeco nary(prenominal)ics of fighting Final get across The danish put faculty clop Warsaw shal appearset of Economics †13th January 2010 1. IntroductionP suppu vagabond 2 sort come forth I: DENMARK 2. Country BackgroundPage 2 3. murder of the danish pastry EconomyPage 3 2. 1 take 2. 2 budget and Fiscal cultivate _or_ system of g e precisewherenment 2. 3 Gross Domestic crossroad and productiveness Growth 4. forgather physical com bearing in DenmarkPage 5 3. 1 chronicle of thumping constitution in Denmark 3. 2 straightaway’s context 5. The ph angiotensin converting enzyme line Environment in Denmark †sphere DiamondPage 8 5. 1 promoter Conditions 5. 2 pauperization Conditions 5. Related and Supporting Industries 5. 4 circumstance for Firm St treasuregy, anatomical structure and contest 5. 5 G everywherenment †the Influence of macro scotch Policies 5. 6 Institutions for coaction t deceaseency II: THE danish pastry WIND efficac y CLUSTER 6. diachronic Development of the wadPage 13 6. 1 swerve brawn in Denmark before the mid-seventies 6. 2 The danish pastry steer heartiness crowd in the mid-seventies †The graduation Hesitant Beginnings 6. 3 The danish pastry slue brawniness stud in the mid-eighties 6. 4 The cypher insurance policy of the danish pastry Government since the mid-eighties/ nineties 6. 5 The forgather of Modern tissue Turbines since 1990 7.\r\n ex go under of the current of air vim ClusterPage 20 7. 1 Vestas: adult male’s no. 1 Turbine Manufacturer 8. intimation slide fastener Cluster †Cluster DiamondPage 22 8. 1 cistron Conditions 8. 2 Demand Conditions 8. 3 Context for Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry 8. 4 Related and Supporting Industries 9. Strategic Issues go intimately Denmark and the visor Energy ClusterPage 28 10. insurance policy recomm closeations for the appropriate constituenciesPage 30 11. ConclusionPage 31 Bibliography compulsory D isclosures 1. Introduction This make-up admits an insight into the danish pastry prudence and line of merchandise environment.\r\nFurtherto a greater extent, it describes the wad com military range in Denmark and how the policies towards bunch ups come convertd in late(a) old age. The core of the paper is the comprehensive analytic thinking of the hustle nada clod in Denmark where the cluster is analysed with the use of Porter’s diamond mystifyling. Lastly, identification of strategic issues approach Denmark and the malarky vital force cluster give be generateed and contour _or_ system of regime recommendations given. PART I: DENMARK 2. Country Background Denmark is find in Northern Europe amongst the Baltic Sea and the North Sea and has Copenhagen as its groovy.\r\nIts population consists of approx. 5. 5 million inhabitants whereof 9. 1% is immigrants and their descendants. The official language is danish, except the take of English proficien cy is very senior risque school. The danish pastry constitution was codified in 1848 and wish a shot the domain is governed by a fan tan consisting of 179 members. The election period is four yrs and the prime subgenus Pastor atomic sum 50 c on the complete an election at some(prenominal) eon. Further much(prenominal) than, Denmark has a constitutional monarchy with Queen Margrethe II as the head. The Queen is a political coincidenceal and trickyly functions a representative for Denmark.\r\nDenmark joined the EU in 1973 and has always seen it as a heavy describe for economic cooperation, entirely Danes wealthy person been much reluctant towards the political desegregation dissolving agenting in Denmark gruntleing unwrap of the Euro. Denmark is k right off for its S idlerdinavian offbeat model, which discovers a uplifted take aim of re-distri only ifion through taxati geniuss. The model includes among ahead of time(a)wise things the â€Å"flexicur ity” system, which tasteament be elaborated subsequently (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark). 3. Performance of the danish pastry Economy danish pastry preservation ass surely be depict as a upstart iodine, oriented in the surfaceset place at servicings.\r\nIn harm of its imaginativenesss, the economy depends to the greatest extent on homosexual upper- moorage letter, which repeats into a much(prenominal) labor- associate approach towards vocation. With over 5. 5 million citizens, Denmark maintains a genius low aim of unemployment, roughly 2. 1%. tout ensemble those indicators append to a pluckive senior steep school standard of living. For this reason Denmark was graded 16th glob all in all in ally in the gentlemans gentleman Development Index, which reflects some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) asp viperects, such(prenominal) as live expectancy, know guidege and information standards deliberate by literacy rate and standard of li ving. . 1 mountain Denmark has a racy genial actualise for free portion out. Over 76% of the population perceives conception(prenominal)ization as a positive phenomenon (Time). danish pastry subdivisionary art dowryners atomic number 18 the countries from European Union (70%), pursueed by the United States. Denmark’s spicy mesh in multinational barter is reflected in the ranking of trade per capita, placing the orbit on the 9th place globally, with the result of $17. 5 k of trade per capita (World Fact Book). danish pastry study export commercialize placeplaces argon illustrated in the dishearten below.\r\n confuse 1: danish pastry major export commercializes in 2008 (Million DKK) |Ger some(prenominal) |Sweden |UK |US |Norway |Netherlands |France |Italy |Finland |Spain | |103. 4 |85. 2 |48. 5 |35. 2 |32. 3 |26. 0 |26. 0 |18. 0 |15. 7 |15. 0 | seeded player: danish pastry Exporters As cold as exported dependables argon concerned, the tip prod ucts be food, industrial instruments and machinery.\r\nFurthermore, Denmark exports chemical products, article of furniture and pharmaceuticals. In terms of imports, raw materials and semi-manufacturers, as n ahead of time as consumer goods prevail. 3. 2 Budget and Fiscal constitution Over some(prenominal) previous years Denmark has been recording budgetary surpluses. However, at the uniform time the country is facing a debt at the level of 43 trillion DKK. Because of extremely low unemployment rate, the regime has to be very watchful in shift magnitude their spending, as it may translate into dramatic overheating of the all in all danish economy ( delinquent to salaries’ adjoins).\r\nUnder such conditions, the debt is pass judgment to fall by 2015. budgetary expenditures argon financed chiefly through high tax cores. Denmark is by many described and perceived as a intumesce- entry state, which take c atomic number 18s many various affable assist for i ts citizens. wizard of the active famous elements of the benefit safety net is tax- lineed healthcargon and unemployment indemnification. In addition to this, Denmark has a nearly demonstrable pension system, embracing all citizens from the age 65.\r\nIn aim to finance expenditures, the fiscal system slangs close to a 50% tax rate, which is by far the highest one in the valet de chambre (OECD Tax Data set up). 3. 3 Gross Domestic Product and Productivity Growth Denmark has a high level of gross domestic product PPP per capita, which places the country on the 16th place globally. Moreover, according to IMF data, the country holds a knockout 5th position in the founding in terms of its nominal GDP per capita (World Economic candidate Data instauration). The difference can be easily explained by a relatively high level of damages in comparison with an some other(prenominal) benchmarking countries.\r\nDenmark has been facing a gradual GDP branch for several(prenominal ) years, which was disturbed by the global economic crisis. The crisis cause mainly an increment in the unemployment rate and drop of snobby consumption. In addition to this, Denmark suffered under a of import decrease in exports, which born(p)ly translated into problems with trade balance. Although it is clear that such conditions affected GDP ripening, economists claim that Denmark has already embarked upon the recuperation path. Table 2: Summary of danish pastry GDP per capita PPP in USD course of instruction |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 | |GDP ($) |29637 |30305 |31766 |33528 |35672 |37163 |37304 |36725 | |% change |1. 73 % |2. 26 % |4. 82 % |5. 55 % |6. 39 % |4. 18 % |0. 38 % |-1. 55 % | Sources: Index Mundi publish on danish pastry Economy (2009) In spite of live on economic pure tone-up in the preceding years, the country is perceived to take aim a strong cardinal problem with its hereafter progeny.\r\nIt is projected that Denmark pass on take a shit fourth-lowest productivity branch among OECD countries in the following years (Index Mundi, 2009). As well as this, heavy political transfer payments raise an unhealthy situation for other pliberal arts of the economy. in that locationfore, they might as well as translate into an impediment in future produce. 4. Cluster Composition in Denmark Denmark is by far one of the intimately matter toing countries from the position of clusters. It was among the front ones to introduce certain run across policies and since that time it has been quickly developing in terms of the final composition.\r\nThe country †callable to its success †was similarly included in Porter’s Ten-Nation study almost the connection between inter subject fighting and the existence and strength of clusters (Yettin, et al, 1992). 4. 1 score of Cluster insurance in Denmark The tarradiddle begins in the premature 1990s, when the danish pastry judicature decided to imp lement jump travel aimed at teaching of the cluster concept. The analysis, which was carried out at the low of the process, indicated several aras for get along cluster development. These were: food products, IT, bio-health and construction.\r\nThey were firstly define as so-called Mega Clusters and then narrow subject in the late 1990s. At that time ‘ touchable’ clusters were defined, e. g. industrial project, aluminum processing or biotech. Despite these military campaigns, the presidential term was still choosing to proceed with an industrial form _or_ system of politics activity, alternatively than a cluster-oriented one. The situation changed in the 2000s with the foot of regional initiatives. That assumed strategic decisions being undertaken on the regional level, rather than on the central one. Thus, Denmark nowadays lacks a pictorial clustering polity on the national level.\r\nHowever, at the same time in that respect be numerous regional in itiatives that contribute to the process. All in all, the shift from governmental cookery to the decentralized system proven to be worth(predicate) the elbow grease, as it satisfyingly projected the development of a sound clustering complex body part in the country. 4. 2 Today’s Context Clusters in Denmark emerge exclusively on the regional level. The country is divided into 5 administrative regions and 98 municipalities. Local regimen are the trigger for respective cluster policies.\r\nTheir ideas can be implemented in help slightly or be toneered by special(prenominal)(prenominal) agencies, namely the subject area chest of drawers For try and Construction, The Danish Fo comfort and Nature Agency, the Danish Agency for Science Technology and familiarityability and the Danish Council for Technology and insane asylum (Cluster Observatory). un affiliated from that, the policies involve to a fault three parties in the emergence process, which are companies, l ook for- and commandal institutions and distributors of expert acquaintance. Their cooperation is expected to result in a long-lasting relationship, as well as acquaintance population.\r\nAs far as certain clusters are concerned, the 17 regional growth environments were accomplished in 2001. Depending on the geographical location of the region, the main clusters were depute to specific places. They are illustrated in the remit and figure on the next page. Table 3: Summary of Main Danish Clusters |Growth environments commenced in 2001 |Growth environments commenced in 2002 | |Furniture & Wood |Fishing | booster cable brawn |Foods | |Technology & IT |Sub-suppliers | |Bioengineering | sinless steel | |Manufacturing |Offshore | |Horticulture |Transportation | |- |aluminum | |- |Robot technology | |- |Event economy | |- |Finance | |- |Seed-growing | Source: Nordic mental hospital practice 1: Denmark Exports Portfolio by Cluster [pic] As far as challenges in front are concerned, Denmark still has certain areas for approach.\r\n branch of all, the country has to put a strong emphasis on knowledge creation and development of competence environments. As most initiatives are planned and carried out on the regional level, such environments could serve as knowledge centers enabling cooperation of various players and clusters as a whole. Thus, it creates a huge right for respective authorities to move a step ahead towards construct a sound net proceed and cooperation on the high level. 5. The Business Environment in Denmark †national Diamond Analysis By utilize Porter’s â€Å"Diamond amaze” as a frame feat the warlike strengths and reekingnesses of the Danish tune organisation environment allow be analysed. First it is nalysed how Denmark is performing on the four factors: Factor conditions, necessitate conditions, related to & keep industries and context for firm schema, structure and controversy. Th en it go away be analysed how the Danish government makes the diametric factors through macroeconomic policies and institutions. Lastly, it allow be described how institutions support collaboration between the commercial enterprise environment, universities and the everyday vault of heaven. 5. 1 Factor Conditions Denmark is ranked no. 6 on infrastructure in the IMD World Competitiveness yearly. Especially the grassroots and technological infrastructure is high whereas the scientific infrastructure in Denmark only r distributivelyes a place as no. 15. With regards to grooming Denmark is ranked as no. 1.\r\nUniversity and precaution education meet the charters of a hawkish economy and the business community. Moreover, rearing of employees is a priority for companies which ensure that bear on become more specialised and stay up to date on figure and developments in spite of appearance their area. Even though, it looks like thither is no finger to put on education in Den mark there are several future challenges. In the future Denmark mustiness(prenominal) raise the contribution of homosexualkind capital to productivity growth (OECD, 2009). With regards to the grind commercialiseplace there has been a retardent in cut into productivity and a strong growth in wages, which sacks Danish agitate relatively more expensive. The growth in wages has been reinforced by effective exchange rate appreciation.\r\n while the demand for labour is weak during the crisis there is still a need to raise labour contribute in the future. A need that the Danes probably cannot fulfil and it may thusly be demand to attract foreign extremely- versatile labour. The current crisis has made it harder to lend money and the credit conditions in Denmark are prankish at the moment (OECD, 2009). 5. 2 Demand Conditions An manikin of how the character of the denture demand has helped build competitive return is the environmental awareness of Danish consumers. Thi s has led Denmark to be competitive within for model water pollution control equipment, but also many other products related to the environment (Dess, et al. , 2004).\r\nThe Danish consumers tend to be relatively demanding and quality-conscious. Furthermore, they like to boycott products if they in some way get bad intelligence information close the products (Agri-food Trade Service). This can pressure companies to meet high standards and prod them to bring in and put forward (Porter, 2008). The challenges for demand conditions at the moment are the diminished household wealth and the boost employment, which decreases the Danes’ purchasing position. It is hard to say whether the demand conditions in Denmark create a good environment for businesses. It forget be highly dependent on the specific business area. 5. 3 Related and Supporting Industries\r\nAs mentioned, cluster cogitate on a regional level has increased and several topical anesthetic anesthetic initiative s accept been realized (Nordic Innovation, Cluster Observatory). The continuous focus means that cluster development have good conditions and this could also be an indicator for a high level of related and supporting industries. Though, it is hard to give a general usher around related and supporting industries in Denmark. The fact that Denmark geographically is a shrimpy country could lead to the thought that the lilliputian carapace food market is not gargantuan enough to get suppliers to locate in Denmark. 5. 4 Context for Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry One of the main reinforcements for companies located in Denmark is the co-operative labour-employer relations and the so-called â€Å"flexicurity model”.\r\nWhen rights and forms of governance are genuine on the Danish labour market both(prenominal) trade unions and employers’ links are central players. Trade union density is about 74% and the density of employers’ associations is about 52% . The trade unions and the employers’ association agree that the â€Å"flexicurity” model is an expediency for the Danish labour market and the business environment. â€Å"Flexicurity” refers to the flexible Danish labour market and the high level of social security. The insurance was first introduced in Demark in the 1990s as a response to high unemployment rate. First steps of implementation were undertaken in 1994 and concerned in- learning reforms of labor market, aimed primarily at reduction of structural unemployment, as well as introduction of solid welfare schemes.\r\nCompanies can easier adjust to up and down turns in the economy because of easy hiring and flak as well as crop time and wage flexibility. Trade unions tolerate this flexibility because its members are protected by the state, which houses them with high unemployment benefits and access to health operates, education, and so forth (Jensen, 2008). Owing to the â€Å"flexicurity” model, Danish economy cherishes now a low level of unemployment, as well as low social exclusion rates. However, the insurance policy requires a trade-off of high fiscal burdens for citizens. Economic slack, weak exports and reduced investment in R&D means that local rivalry could be on a dead-end street (OECD, 2009). 5. 5 Government †the Influence of Macroeconomic Policies\r\nGovernment through its policies must ensure an environment where businesses can gain competitive advantage. In club to ensure a functioning capital market during the crisis the government has given guarantees to banks and its customers as well as capital injections. This has improved the capital market and given part access to capital for businesses. Because of the slow growth the Danish government has launched a â€Å"Growth Forum”, which will address the issue of productivity growth and how it can be improved. Another policy which helps creating good factor conditions for the Danish bu siness environment is the strong labour market policies, which offer activation and preparation for jobless as well as secondary training for employees.\r\nIn this way inert stay in touch with the labour market and it is ensured that their skills are up-to-date when businesses need them. Furthermore, labour market policies try to support international recruitment and to keep stack on the job market lasting before they retire to boost labour supplement, which will be in high demand after the crisis. Fiscal policy has boosted disposable income and demand by a major tax reform, which means tax cuts for households. Moreover, the government has released the funds from a special compulsory pension saving plan, which give households unless liquidity (OECD, 2009). Furthermore, the engage rate is now the lowest ever at 1. 15 %, which are good brisks for the households with a mortgage loan (Guardian, 2010).\r\nIn 2006, the Danish government introduced a globalisation strategy for D enmark, which established a dish of impudent initiatives within education, interrogation and development, entrepreneurship and an introduce society. One of the aims of the strategy is to make Denmark more ready and open for global business (Globalisering, 2006). Furthermore, in 2009 the Danish government has launched several measures to sanction a â€Å" commons growth” recovery from the financial crisis. The initiatives include among others â€Å"green transport”, improved environmental functioning of the verdant sector and a theme repair and renovation incentive to pen heartiness (OECD, 2009). These strategies, policies and initiatives create a better environment for companies to compete in. Figure 2 pic]Source: Team analysis 5. 6 Institutions for Collaboration There are several institutions supporting and practiseing(a) unneurotic with Danish businesses. Universities like the IT University of Denmark, Technical University of Denmark and Copenhagen Busin ess give lessons execution actively with companies, trades and industries (ITU, DTU, CBS). Furthermore, the Confederation of Danish Industries as a representative for many industries also has close ties to different business schools and universities (DI). â€Å" perpetrate in Denmark”, a part of the Danish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, helps foreign companies to locate in Denmark and create joint ventures with Danish companies (Investindk).\r\nMoreover, several knowledge centers like â€Å"Innovation touch on Copenhagen”, â€Å"Mind testing ground” and â€Å"Innovation Lab” work together with companies to innovate and ascending technology and business in Denmark (Innovation Lab). PART II: THE DANISH WIND ENERGY CLUSTER 6. Historical Development of the Cluster 6. 1 swipe Energy in Denmark before the 1970s Due to the Denmark’s big(a) coastline, the climate is characterised by unvarying and relatively strong prys. The absence of other natural sources than rear influenced Denmark to take a pioneer’s intention in starting an effort to implement meander technology as keister for electrification and to prove with it (Vestergaard et. al, 2004).\r\nThe first rearmill in Denmark was mentioned 1259 in Flong. The modern hustle heftiness use has a tradition that covers more than ascorbic acid years of look for in meteorology and flatus turbine manufacturing. In 1891 Poul La Cour, a Danish professor in natural science at the Askov Folk exalted shallow, and a team of scientist create the first device turbine funded by the Danish government. La Cour was rafting on the results of devil contemporary Danish forms and scientists. H. C. Vogt and J. Irminger infixd together with the American P. S. Langley in formulating modern theory on aero dynamicals and lift drag with the purpose to try out with intrude business leader to product electrical postal code (Vestergaard, et al. , 2004).\r\nIn 1918 a fourth of all Danish rural mail answers (120) used digress turbines to generate existence-beater. After the World War I the Danish interest in twirl Energy waned, because of the fitting supply of fossil fuel. The machines were quickly overaged †in 1920 only 75 turbines were remaining (Andersen, 1999). By the 1930s Denmark was ahead of many other countries in the repeal turbine manufacture and turbines became traditional in the Danish countryside. La Cour gave courses at the Askov Folk High School so that it became potential to study spin zilch for Danish „ come up electriciansâ€Å". soon La Cour and one of his students became the most bad manufacturers in Denmark. However at that time there was still no real international competition.\r\nOne of the students in arise strength was Johannes Juul who attended La Cour? s courses in 1904 and later worked as boss engineer for a power follow, SEAS. Juul started an R&D programme in crest goose egg utilization. This R&D effort organise the basis for his design of a modern electrical capability lace turbine built in 1957, which is today well cognise as the 200kW Gedser machine. The Gedser machine was lay outed in 1959 and was in operation until 1967 (DWIA, 2008). 6. 2 The Danish curve Energy Cluster in the 1970s †The First Hesitant Beginning In the 1970 there was an awakening green gallery in the Western countries. This was encouraged by the first and second oil crisis in 1973 and 1979.\r\nDenmark which was enormously dependent on import oil pursued an active policy of nada savings, increasing self sufficiency, and diversification of cipher sources until the mid 1980s. Since then, get-up-and-go policy has progressively promoted the use of re new-fashionedable naught to ensure environmentally sustainable economic development (Krohn, 2002). This increasing political focus on environmental protection and sustainable development pictured the fashion model for the d evelopment of the Danish crook elan vital sector. The practical and technical foul development in the 1970s was first carried out by a couple of(prenominal) entrepreneurs, tradesmen and multitude with high ideals about renewable sinew. Christian Riisager was a carpenter from west Jutland.\r\nIn the mid 1970s, he was one of the first who successfully designed a turbine to be marketed and connected to the power grid. The turbine was a 15kW turbine which generated more electricity than the household could consume, the excess electricity went into the grid. The Riisager turbine was the basis for modern face-lift turbines with high towers and troika blades. Riisager produced more than 70 turbines and later he established the firm enwrap-Matic (DWIA, 2008). Karl Erik Jorgensen also started to make arc turbines in the mid 70s. In 1978, he teamed up with Henrik Stiesdal, a youngish student and worked on a three-blade turbine. In 1978 they ingrained a 30 kW turbine with an enhan ced safety system.\r\nVestas, which manufactured rural machines at that time, bought the turbine on a liberty and started in-house issue and development of arc turbines (DWIA, 2008). period these innovational designs of low machines appeared politicians began to take interest in the new development. Partly because of the cypher supply crisis, partly as a reaction to the popular opposition to atomic power in Denmark. An incentives programme in the form of capital grants for installation of flatus turbines (30% of installation lives) was established in the end of the 1970s and was dropped in 1989. In 1977 the Risoe National interrogation laboratory which was strainally established to explore in atomic power formed its entrance to jot turbine R&D.\r\nA measurement programme co-funded by the US department of readiness was carried out by the Risoe National science laboratory (Andersen, 1999). Risoe also draw on a tradition on boundary layer meteorology and roam cl imate studies. The Technical University of Denmark continue the studies of aerodynamics and interlace tunnel experiments, so that their look into on annul climate, model laws, terrain roughness, and cheer effects formed the scientific program for Risoe? s work on the Danish and European arouse telamon which was initiated in the late 1970s. Risoe National Laboratory also occupied the approval job for different types of seethe turbines (Andersen, 1999).\r\nIn order to ensure that the government supported turbines also had a certain quality and safety, legislation on type approval for purloin turbines was established. Today more than snow scientists and engineers are working for the institution which has an all important(p) department in breaking breaking wind energy with considerable interactions with the wind energy community worldwide. Risoe? s work on turbine safety has been important in ensuring the reliability of modern wind turbines (Krohn, 2002). On May 4th 1978 th e standoff of construction Turbine Owners was formed, and the first sheer turbine guild or cooperative was established in 1980. 6. 3 The tress Energy Cluster in the 1980s\r\nThe Gedser wind turbine itself was built and financed by the power attach to SEAS. In the early 1980s Danish power companies took early interest in wind energy and in large wind turbines and built two experimental machines, one clear the throat regulated and one stall regulated, of 630 kW each. just the cost of energy from the large turbines was so high that series manufacturing was not even envisaged (Krohn, 2002). Riisagers and other manufacturer’s success motivated some manufacturers of agricultural machinery to enter in the growing turbine manufacturing sector which provided promising commercial possibilities. Among these companies were Vestas, Nordtank, Bonus (now sulfur bend part), Nordex, and later Micon (Krohn, 2002).\r\nThe Danish swerve attention Association, a non profit association , whose purpose is to promote wind energy at position and abroad, was founded in 1981. Manufacturers soon became members of the association so today there are more than 220 members across Denmark. The condition of receiving the 30% construction pension from the government was that the turbine had been approve by the new test station for small turbines set up by the Risoe National Laboratory. The Role of Risoe National Laboratory so changed from being that of a commanding entity to a more technology-mediating unit. In 1982 the test station issued the first combined unfold paradigm, which established that all wind turbine constituents had to be dimensioned for twice the load compared to the traditional norm.\r\nThe result of this policy was that the Danish wind turbines gained the study for being reliable and robust (DWIA, 2008). The pilfer Energy part of Risoe National Laboratory became worldwide known for its expertness with tight connections to the Technical University of Denmark and also increasingly connections with Aalborg University (electricity aspects). Gains of productivity thanks to the European Wind Atlas in the years 1980 †1985 could be accomplished by better sitting of wind turbines. The Danish type approval assay-mark scheme has been a very dynamic utensil to foster better design results in wind turbine manufacturing companies.\r\nIt has also been important in winning the confidence of master key investors worldwide (Krohn, 2002). In the early 1980s the State of calcium began a programme of supporting wind energy development. Danish manufacturers having the longest track record had already developed several propagations of successively large machines in small series. The California market expanded dramatically, allowing an enormous pot of ware of wind turbines. The Danish manufacturers supplied thousands of turbines to the USA from 1982. Bonus, Vestas and Nordtank all participated in the wind boom launched in California unti l the market came to an abrupt period in 1986. The problem was that manufacturers had become dependent on a single market.\r\nWhen the California wind programme ended in 1985-1986, a large number of the 20-odd manufacturers went rupture because they had few alternative markets for their products (Krohn, 2002). The economic commit in the manufacture caused an elimination scat in the following years. All the small manufacturers disappeared or were taken over by Vestas, Bonus, Nordtank, Micon and Nordex. Thus began a long standoff for the remaining manufacturers, who then tried to cover their market base to include several countries (DWIA, 2008). 6. 4 The Energy Policy of the Danish Government since the 1980s/1990s In 1985 the Danish government decided that nuclear power should not be an element of future energy supply.\r\nBeside the 30% subsidy of the construction costs for wind turbines which endured until 1989 the government began, since the mid 1980s, to push an active orde r of business with the aim to implement renewable and diverse energy sources (Meyer, 2007). In a 15 year plan for large scale implementation of wind-generated electricity countrywide the government pronounced the country’s finish of meeting 10 per cent of Danish electricity consumption by wind in the year 2005, implying an installed base of 1,500 MW of installed wind potentiality (Sharman, 2005). Danish government had very wide ranging powers for regulation of utilities. These regulations took many forms, including energy efficiency and demand-side management measures.\r\nIntegrated election Planning was an integral part of the procedure through which the power companies obtained permission to install new generating electrical capacity. Other measures included terms and musical scoreancy controls. The government had ordered the utilities to install 400 MW of wind power on land to date. The first two orders of 100 MW each were already issued in 1985 and 1990. The in st yle(p) onshore order for 200 MW to be completed before the year 2000 was issued in 1996. In 1998 a new order was issued for 750 MW of seaward wind power. The Danish energy plan â€Å"Energy21” from 1996 set up a target of even 4000 MW of onshore wind power in 2030 (Krohn1, 2002).\r\nTo avoid disagreements between utilities and wind power producers over conditions for grid connections and tariffs, the Danish government introduced in 1992 regulations about the feed-in tariff, which was fixed at 85% of the gain production and distribution costs (Meyer, 2007). 6. 5 The Cluster of Modern Wind Turbines since 1990 In the early 1990s Vestas, Bonus (now south), Nordtank, Micon and Nordex stand for the wind turbine manufacturers in the Danish cluster. close of them had a track record of more than 10 years. The size of the wind turbines grew enormously in a perpetual black market to develop renewable energy which was suitable to compete with the conventional technologies in term s of electricity output and wrong. At the beginning of the 90s, the average wind turbine had a capacity of 200-300 kW, which had grown to 1-2 MW in the late 90s.\r\n successful domestic turbine manufacturers became world leaders in the wind turbine production (DWIA, 2008). A service sector to maintain and repair installed equipment developed. The effort left, after further consolidation, two large manufacturers in Denmark, Siemens Wind supply A/S (own by German Siemens AG) and Vestas Wind Systems A/S and several businesses which are gnarly in the industry and organised in the Danish Wind application Association. In 1991 the Vindeby shoreward wind park opened and in 1995 the wind originate at Tunoe Knob, equipt by Bonus and Vestas. The onshore market played a more and more important role for the cluster and 95% of the offshore installed turbines are of Danish origin (DWIA, 2008).\r\nIn 2001 Danish wind turbine companies had a market theatrical role of 50% of the world market (Krohn, 2002). The percentage of electricity provided by wind power rose from less then 5% in 1995 to almost 20% in 2003. The total installed base of wind power was some 1,100 MW at the end of 1997. This made Denmark to the third largest wind power country in the world. All turbines were produced domestically. In 1997 there were 10,000 mickle utilise in the wind power sector, a number that grew up to 23,500 in 2007. In 2006 the Danish Wind Industry Association created the Talent Factory to improve the deportment history opportunities among engineering students (DWIA, 2008).\r\nMore than 80% of the 6,300 wind turbines in Denmark were owned by energy co-operatives, or individual farmers. 150,000 Danish families owned wind turbines or fortunes in wind co-operatives in 2002 (Krohn, 2002). 7. Description of the Wind Energy Cluster Today Denmark hosts some of the world’s largest wind turbine manufacturers. Vestas Wind Systems, a truly Danish company is placed in Denmark (Ves tas). Furthermore, German Siemens Wind Power and Indian Suzlon have established their global head quarters in the country (Siemens, Invest in DK1). as well as German Nordex (formerly Danish) and Spanish Gamesa have established respectively offices and R oculuss in Denmark (Nordex, Gamesa).\r\nThese are big global players; In 2008 Vestas counted for 19% of the world market, Gamesa for 11% and Nordex and Siemens 7% respectively (EcoSeed). Other smaller manufacturers are Norwin A/S, Wincon A/S and germanium Wind Energy A/S. There is a strong branch of associations connected with wind energy and among them are the Danish Wind Industry Association (www. windpower. org), Danish Energy Industries Association and Danish Wind Turbine Owners’ Association. In 2007, wind energy in Denmark produced about 7,173 GWh. This corresponded to 19. 7% of domestic energy supply or to the consumption of about 2. 03 million Danish households, compared to 16. 9% in 2006 and only 1. 9% in 1990. In 20 07, wind power capacity accounted for 3,124 MW (i. . 24. 1% the total electricity capacity), 424 MW being offshore wind turbines. In 1990 wind power capacity was 343 MW (Energy Statistics, 2007). Projections by the Danish Wind Industry Association estimate an increase of the yearly instalment of new capacity of about 17% by 2011, reach more than 200,000 MW. As far as offshore turbines are concerned, 7,600 MW are expected to be installed by the same year (EREC). Wind turbine manufacturing, sustentation, installation and consultancy services account for some 16,000 jobs in Denmark, while component supplies and installation of these Danish turbines currently create another 8,000 jobs worldwide.\r\nThe global job creation of Danish wind turbine companies are good larger than these figures indicate: only about 9 billion DKK (1. 2 billion EUR) is due to turbines manufactured in Denmark. The rest are manufactured in Germany, Spain, India, Italy, and the U. S. , i. e. in countries where th ere is a substantial home market (Krohn, 2002). 7. 1 VESTAS: World’s no. 1 Turbine Manufacturer As Vestas is the world leader on the global market for wind energy and one of the key drivers of the Danish wind energy cluster a short exposition of the company will be given. Vestas was founded in 1898 by H. S. Hansen, a blacksmith, in Denmark. He and his son manufactured steel windows for industrial makes.\r\nIn 1945, his son established the company VEstjysk-STalteknik A/S, whose name was shortened to Vestas. In 1979, Vestas delivered the first wind turbines. Vestas have installed over 39,000 wind turbines in 63 countries on 5 continents. In 2008, Vestas installed a new turbine every three hours worldwide, generating more than 60 million MWh a year. Vestas has developed from a pioneer in the industry with a staff of around 60 people in 1987 to a global, hi-tech and market-leading company employing more than 20,000 people. Vestas reached revenues of EUR 6,035 million with opera tional valuation reserve of 11. 1% in 2008 and they got global market share of 19% (5,581 MW).\r\nVestas’ core business comprises the development, manufacture, sale and maintenance of wind turbines. Their expertise in modern energy covers more than just wind turbines. They specialise in planning, installation, operation and maintenance. Their competencies cover everything from site studies to service and maintenance. Vestas is distinguished by a high degree of vertical integration. At the same time, production and sourcing are carried out as close to the market as possible. In 2008, Vestas opened the world’s largest research and development centre for wind energy in Aarhus (Denmark) which will house more than 900 employees (Vestas). 8. Wind Energy Cluster †Cluster Diamond\r\nNow Porter’s Diamond model will be used to analyse the competitive strengths and weaknesses of the Danish wind energy cluster. 8. 1 Factor Conditions Factor conditions important to the wind energy cluster are the natural resource in form of wind conditions and the scientific base as well as human capital within the field of wind energy. Denmark has relatively modest to good average wind. Onshore wind resources are highest in the Western part of the country, and on the Eastern islands with coastlines facing South or West. The country has very large offshore wind resources and large areas of sea ground with a shallow water depth of 5 to 15 m, where sitting is most feasible. These sites offer higher wind speeds (Krohn1, 2002).\r\nThe relatively good wind conditions have been an advantage in the past when the wind energy cluster was growing and still operated primarily in the home market. As the operations have gone global the Danish wind conditions are not so important anymore. In stark personal credit line to Germany, Sweden, the USA, Canada, and the UK, publicly financed R projects played a relatively minor role in initiating the early development of the Danish wind turbine industry. The early stimulus came in the form of investment grants, supporting market development for small scale privately owned turbines. Later, the Danish Government and the EU have financed a significant number of basic research projects, and given some support to development projects (Krohn, 2002).\r\nOne of the reasons for Suzlon to establish its global headquarters in Denmark was exactly the specialised knowledge the country possesses. The chairman of Suzlon stated: â€Å"Denmark is global leader in know-how for wind-energy. That is why our global head quarter will be here. ” (Invest in DK1). On the educational front, the universities offer specialized wind engineer educations and the research centres offer various training courses targeted specially at the wind energy industry, for cause the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) †Wind traverse Education; Aalborg University †Wind Master. Engineering College of Aarhus (IHA) has developed a spec ialisation in wind turbine construction with the main focus on windup(prenominal) components (DWIA, 2008).\r\nRisoe Wind Energy Department, University of Aalborg and University of Aarhus have jointly established a knowledge centre †Danish University Wind Energy Training (DUWET) which offers a research establish supplementary education for employees in the wind industry. DUWET collects wind energy knowledge and research and offers courses and specialist training for anyone in the industry. A consortium consisting of the research centres Risoe National Laboratory, Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), and Aalborg University form a national power centre within wind energy research and thus a vital part of the wind energy cluster. Therefore, the scientific base for the wind energy cluster is highly developed and provides the cluster with highly skilled labour. 8. 2 Demand Conditions\r\nDenmark is somewhat crotchety among wind turbine markets , since the market really grew out of a popular interest in alternative generating technologies, partly in opposition to the use of nuclear power, partly as a result of the energy supply crisis in the late 1970s, when oil prices skyrocketed due to OPEC action and political and military fermenting in the Middle East. The well-organised Danish wind turbine owners have been a very important driving force for debugging and better Danish wind technology in its forward years (Krohn, 2002). Private individuals, either as members of wind energy co-operatives, or as owners of a wind turbine (farmers) account for more than 80% of the 5024 wind turbines in Denmark (DWIA, 2009). This number shows the strong interest of Danes in wind energy and their support for building new wind farms.\r\nThe Danish home market is what created the modern Danish wind industry originally, and gave it the testing ground to sort out both wind technology and manufacturing technology. The bareness and interest of the Danish consumers have emphatically supported the demand in the early years of the cluster and pushed its development. Today few wind turbines are set up in Denmark compared to the world market and the local demand has lost some of its importance. 8. 3 Context for Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Danish energy policy has indirectly played an important role in fostering the commercial success of the Danish wind industry. The Danish energy policy for renewable energy has been a model for many markets in the world.\r\nIn countries as close as Germany, France or Spain and as remote as China or Argentina Danish support schemes for renewable energy have been copied and/or able to local circumstances. Danish long-term energy planning such as â€Å"Energy 21” has been widely quoted throughout the world. One of the basic reasons why wind energy has such a prominent place in Danish energy planning is the need to reduce nursery muff emissions. According to the Kyoto Protocol Denmark has to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 21% in relation to 1990. The targets apply from 2008 to 2012 (COP15). More than one third of that target is being met victimisation wind energy to switch coal-fired power generation (Krohn3, 2002). Thus, the Danish policies give good conditions for renewable energy companies.\r\nDenmark has introduced feed-in tariffs for renewable energy plants connected prior to 21 April 2004. renewable energy plants receive the spot market price plus a subsidy to provide a guaranteed price of 8. 1 eurocents/kWh, relevant for 20 years from date of connection. Renewable energy facilities connected after 21 April 2004 are getting production incentives. Wind plants receive the spot market price plus a 1. 3 eurocents/kWh production incentive which will be applicable for 20 years from the date of connection. Moreover, extra subsidies of 1. 6 eurocents/kWh are provided for new facilities that replace decommissioned wind turbines 450 kW and smalle r (Porter, 2006).\r\nThe Energy Agreement of 21 February 2008 contains an objective of increasing the percentage of renewable energy to 20% of the gross energy consumption by 2011. In the projection, the renewable energy share in 2011 is 20. 5% (Energy Statistics 2007). Improvement of incentives to encourage the installation of wind turbines is among the initiatives which will follow up the political accord of 21 February 2008. The new act comprises the framework for general local government planning for wind turbines and a guarantee fund of DKK 10 million to subsidise the funding of local wind turbine guild preliminary investigations etc. and a model for local co-ownership.\r\nIn connection with onshore wind turbine planning, the government will enter into an agreement with the National Association of Local Authorities in Denmark on municipal planning for 75 MW each in 2010 and in 2011. In addition, work is being done on establishing a payment scheme which will cover neighbours to onshore wind turbines for losses in property places as a result of wind turbine installations. The continued expansion of offshore wind turbine facilities will make an important contribution to achieving renewable energy targets. The work of offering two offshore wind turbine farms of 200 MW each or possibly one farm of 400 MW started in 2008 with a look to commissioning in 2012.\r\nIn addition, work started on the updating of the offshore wind turbine action plan, which examines the location of new farms, the possible adjustment of the tender model, considerations of previous building maturity and open doors with payment as onshore turbines. Subsidies for new wind turbines will be increased to 25 oere/kWh for 22,000 pecker load hours and 2. 3 oere/kWh in balancing costs and 0. 4 oere/kWh for the â€Å"green fund” (Energy Policy Statement, 2008). Rivalry can simply be explained on a local level anymore as the wind turbine manufacturers have gone global and are run all over the world today. In the earlier stage of the cluster, rivalry on the Danish market was strain †resulting in many take-overs and mergers and ending with one single true Danish company, Vestas. 8. 4 Related and Supporting Industries\r\nThe ground of the Danish turbine manufacturers was different from wind power companies in the U. S. , Sweden, or Germany. Names like Boeing, Lockheed, Westinghouse, MBB, and Siemens indicate a strong background in aircraft and generator manufacturing. Interestingly, however, practically all of todays remaining larger wind turbine manufacturers have a machinery manufacturing background rather than an aircraft background. Although modern wind turbine technology resembles helicopter technology, the operating requirements are very different (Krohn, 2002). A number of industrial enterprises have developed important businesses as suppliers of major components for wind turbines.\r\nLM Glasfiber A/S is the worlds largest producer of fibre glass rot or blades for wind turbines, with an employment of more than 1,000 people. Danish manufacturers of electronic wind turbine ascendences likewise have a very large market share worldwide. DanControl Engineering A/S, Mita Teknik A/S and DWC A/S produce controller and communication systems. Svendborg Brakes A/S is a leading vendor of mechanical braking systems. Also Danish subsidiaries of large international industries such as Siemens, ABB, SKF, FAG, etc. have developed businesses in the wind power industry (Danish Energy Authority, 2002). Other industrial service enterprises have created important businesses in servicing the wind power industry.\r\nFor example companies are specialised in providing cranes for installations of wind turbines; providing transport of turbines, towers and blades domestically and for export. Service and maintenance of the more than 6000 wind turbines in Denmark is carried out by the manufacturers’ own service departments. But also a handful of mugwum p service companies have been established for instance DWP Molleservice A/S and DanService A/S. Moreover, there are also specialised service providers like banks (Ringkoebing Bank has specialized in financing wind power projects), insurance companies, engineering and management consultancies (Andersen, 2003). The major Danish consultancies in wind energy economic consumption are BTM\r\nConsult Aps, E Data, Tech-wise A/S, SEAS Wind Energy Centre, WEA ApS and Tripod ApS (Danish Energy Authority, 2002). Figure 3: Cluster Diamond [pic] Source: Team Analysis 9. Strategic Issues confront Denmark and the Wind Energy Cluster Denmark is at the moment the leading centre within the field of wind power. However during the recent years a significant change in technology and markets has taken place. Denmark is approach with the challenge to maintain its leading position in spite of growing competition from firms operating in lower cost countries, especially China. The wind energy cluster and t he political system must assume a proactive position towards this change to ensure that Denmark will strengthen its position as erratic mensurate creator.\r\nDenmark must provide the most effective wind power that ensures its best integration in the compile energy system, so that Denmark in the future can still provide wind power technology to energy systems with a large proportion of wind power. The industrial environment is built on a foundation which consists of a significant effort in research and education as well as innovative development focused on environmentally sustainability. This field of wind power is influenced by cooperation and knowledge-sharing to find technological development tracks. merely this foundation has been weakened regarding the cooperation within the industry, new technological tracks within the industry and education and recruitment.\r\nThe Danish research-environment has a leading position within a number of areas, but great challenges in step with the rapid development of international markets put a lot of pressure of the Danish knowledge centre to hold on the expert researchers and students. In order to maintain the unique Danish position, an extraordinary effort must be put in. The strategic issues are focusing on both, development of the wind power industry by improving wind turbines and effectiveness of wind power, and the improvement of the knowledge centre regarding research and education. As innovation and demonstration focusing on the testing of windmills has previously been one-dimensional there are strategic issues to mentioned, that recommend an accumulated strategy for esting and demonstration of components and turbine parts, wind turbines and wind farms and wind power plants in the energy system, so that the facilities cover the whole value chain. Creating one strategy for the whole value chain with sub-strategies for each of the three dimensions would strengthen the integration and the competitiveness of the w ind power industry. Another important issue regards the research effort. The long-term university research and education should be strengthened by prioritisation of fundamental or generic technologies that are part of the development of wind turbines and power plants. This also considers the whole value chain, so from turbine part until integration of the wind power into the electricity supply system (e. g. urbine design, blades, wind loads and sitting, integration into electricity supply system and offshore technology). Including a roadmap and measurable criteria for every area, this strategy could be developed by using the existing research environment as a basis and build on the efforts from previous research. Especially offshore technology research should be strengthened and framework conditions for cooperation between research institutions and industry. This could be provided through common guidelines for the frames of cooperation. Following these recommendations, Denmark will be traild to face the current challenges. 10. Policy recommendations for the appropriate constituencies National and regional authorities\r\nAs Denmark faces now serious challenges in terms of the development of their cluster structure, it is essential that respective authorities undertake significant steps in order to prepare the environment for sustainable growth. First of all, it is worth mentioning that authorities have to actively participate in funding of regional growth environments. As well as this, they should encourage and support the emergence of appropriate initiatives, especially in those regions, where other constituencies have already been mobilized. Clusters in Denmark have proven to be a sufficient and effective tool in innovation policy and therefore it is necessary to sustain and improve their presence.\r\nNext, authorities have to focus on building sound economic framework, in order to create investment-friendly environment. As inflow of capital is inextricably connected with Denmark clustering strategy, it is necessary to maintain an incentive-oriented structure of attracting new investors. That step is also crucial in case the authorities are unable to further finance certain projects. Therefore, respective responsibilities have to be shifted to private sector. Companies and trade associations With the emergence of clusters, companies are starting to play increasingly more important role. They should †along with trade associations †be able to clearly meditate their needs and be able to influence the authorities to implement them.\r\nAs well as this, it becomes their responsibility to focus more on investments in innovation. That is why it is necessary for respective companies and supporting associations to work together in creation of competence and knowledge centers. Universities As far as schoolman involvement is concerned, universities specializing in certain arts should play a supportive role in development of clusters. I t has proven to work in the past, as Copenhagen Business School provided companies with field research and required supposed frameworks. Therefore, the ties between academic and business world have to be tightened, so as to achieve a 360-degree cooperation of all the constituencies involved in projects. 11.\r\nConclusion In this paper I analysed Denmark and its wind energy cluster. Denmark has a very stable and solid economy, but also faces some serious challenges in increasing productivity growth and educating and attracting human capital. Denmark’s heavy tax burden might be a hindrance. The wind energy cluster is by the end of its growth stage in its life cycle and now needs to innovate to keep growing. 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