Ad Proposal for Apple 2014 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ad Proposal for Apple 2014 - Research Paper Example He was awarded the Lange-Tailor Prize in 2009, and best Magazine Writing from the Society for Professional Journalists (Christian Parenti.com). Parenti’s book â€Å"the tropic of chaos† is the result of his immense research and hard work. It took him six long years to produce this outstanding work of art. Parenti travelled to various slums, countries that were at war and countries that were affected with scarcity of food and water shortages. In the book â€Å"Tropic of chaos,† the writer shows his concern of how climate change results in ruining our ecological civilization. The author discusses the region, which lie between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Parenti’s focus is on East Africa, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Kenya, Kyrgystan, Brazil, Mexico. These regions according to him are: â€Å"a belt of economically and politically battered post-colonial states girding the planet’s mid-lattitudes†(Parenti, 9). He labels thes e countries as â€Å"Tropic of chaos† because these countries are facing what he calls a â€Å"Catastrophic convergence of poverty, violence and climate change† (Parenti, 5), which means that climate change is not only causing water and food scarcity but also giving birth to violence in the regions. According to the writer, these countries are too sensitive to shifts in weather changes because they rely on farming and fishing. The writer explains how that the Global North has reacted to this impending crisis with greater oppression and surveillance instead of finding friendly ways to reduce tensions. In short, between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn, we mostly find â€Å"most of the failed and semi failed states of the developing world.† (Parenti, 9). Hence, the crisis is taking a toll because the Global South is getting involved in warfare to attain there basic needs. The author begins his narrative by asking, â€Å"who is responsible for killing Ekaru Loruman?† Ekaru Loruman was from Kenya, belonged to a Turkana tribe, and was killed by a rival tribe for stealing cattle, or what the author explains as â€Å"the age old tradition of stock theft† (Democracy now). Moreover, the reason for these frequent killings is that the country is experiencing severe drought and the Turkana Pastoralists are forced to stealing cattle because their animals die due to scarcity of water, so they have to take laws in their own hands, as there are no proper government rules regarding this issue. Here, the author is pointing to an important issue of how the ugly U.S. policies have given rise to everyday violence in these countries. Moreover, the answer to all Parenti’s questions can be answered only if we go back in time when the British rules Africa. History tells us that British during their rule have adopted harsh methods to stop violence. Since that time the violence has never stopped. He gives examples of countries like S omalia, a failed state, which was attacked and demolished by Cold war. After the downfall of the Somalian government, the weapons were transferred to Kenya which resulted in more violence and killings in the form of cattle raids. Moreover, as Kenya does not run any support programs for farmers, this has given rise to more corruption because the farmers have only weapons to defend and protect themselves. The worst part is that when the Somalian refugees reach Kenya, most of the women are being raped and tortured and the sad part is that it is usually the brother who is ordered to rape her sister and if he denies he gets killed. In addition, when the refugees cross the border and reach Kenya they are unable to make a living because Kenyan government is unable to support millions of Somalians who are living in camps. Pakistan is

Resistance To Change Management

Resistance To Change Management From individual level to highest organizational level change is seen everywhere for their reformation and development. To cope up with globalization and for survival of the organisation a lot of companies are enforced to make their changes. But it is not always an easy task and some people are not willing to accept the change agenda because of inertia and the fare of losing their job (Edmonds, 2011). A different number of factors affect the change process and for the resistance many change program have failed (Waddell and Sohal, 1998). So for the achievement of successful change, resistance should be considered and managed accordingly (Pardo-del-val Martinez Fuentes, 2003). The main objective of this paper is to analyse the organisational change management and specially different ways to address and minimize the resistance to manage successful change by reviewing different related literature. In first part define In this essay there are five sections, i.e. introduction, literature review, resistance to change, how to manage successful change and finally conclusion. What is Change? Before going to start review of different change models, it is important to describe the definitions and concept about organisational change to make a clear idea about it.Organisational change is the transformation of structure, quality and position by introducing latest ideas and dealings for the better performance and global adjustment of the organisation (Sckalk et. al., 1998, cited by Pardo-del-val et al., 2012). Organisational change basically in two types, where first one is evolutionary or incremental or first order change and anotherone is strategic or transformational or revolutionary or second order change (Pardo-del-val Martinez Fuentes, 2003). The first category of change is a small scale change which improve the quality within the same framework on the other hand, second category of change is a radical one, organizational structure and basic framework are completely change here (Blumenthal and Haspeslag, 1994). The main objectiveof radical change is to improve the potent ials of the organisation for competing the market (Ruiz and Lorenzo, 1999). However organisational change also classified as planned change and emergent change(Bamford and Forrester, 2003).The planned approach organisational change highlights the different status which an organisation will have to shift from an unacceptable position to recognized desired position (Eldrod II and Tippett, 2002). The emergentchange suggests that it is an unpredictable and undesirable continuous method of adjustment to changing environments (Burnes, 2004). But uncertainty of circumstances create emergent approach more significant (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). So, an organization should identify the requirements of change and how to deal with that changes (Burnes, 2004). Although for the existence and effective competition successful management of change is highly required (Luecke, 2003). Why Change Basically change is requiredfor the global economic crisis, technological advancement, market competition and development of the organization (Brisson-Bank, 2010). Edmonds (2011) argued that some factors influence the organization for changing their strategy and forms. The factors are governmental change, joining with another one, global economic challenges, different formation, Strategy for leaving business, technological advancement and business strategy. Dawson, (1994) also described that, a single instrument or entire design of manufacturing process may be restored in the technological change process. When the structure or formation of an organization change it involves the employee structure, reward system and organisational communication system. Governmental or legislative change includes different policies, environmental control, employment opportunity etc. These factors are generally inter-reliant. For instance technological change may need skilled employee, competition among local engineering workforce etc. So, change is intended to different points but it cannot satisfy all. In reality it cannot be managed completely. He also added that if people are not clearly informed about change before implementation they make a resistance against the change process. Paton and McCalman, (2000) argues that naturally a favorable environment is created and accepted by an organization. When change is required, whatever it may be, the organization will face the resistance by its employee, stakeholder, customer, dealer, and distributor, because they feel comfortable with the present environment and frightened with uncertainty regarding change. He also added that the resistance can be reduced but this uncertainty cannot be eradicated completely. Resistance to change: Now it is important to give an idea about the barrier which hinders the change process at its different stages is resistance. So, resistance is defined asan opposing trend which affects the change agenda by delaying start, blocking implementation and raising theprice(Ansof, 1990, cited byPardo-del-val Martinez Fuentes, 2003).In addition resistance always wants to maintain status quo. It has a tendency to keep away from change as inertia (Rumelt, 1995). Resistance is indicated as the main cause of problem of implementation and failure of change agenda (Erwin and Garman, 2010). Dawson (2003) recognizes some factors which create resistance i.e.changing of job nature, transfer of job or economic insecurity, psychological pressure, lowering status and disturbance in societal arrangement. Graetz et al. (2002) has identified four main perceptions of resistance to change which are (cited by Hughes, 2006); the psychological model the system model the institutional approach, and theorganisational cultures approach. The psychological model indicates the resistance which is created by individuals behavior. The system model recommends that people do not resist change but they resist what they are losing.Resistance is establishedinorganisational formation, administrative procedure, and allocation of assets at the institutional approach. As the consequence of organisational culture resistance can be described in this approach(Hughes, 2006). Hambrick and Cannella (1989) have classified the resistance as three types which are as blind resistance, political resistance and ideological resistance. The persons of blind resistance type are considered to befrightened in any kind of changes. The considerations of political resistance type persons are to lose something valuable after the implementation of change. More over the persons of ideological resistance type consider thattheir establishedvalues may be tarnished if change is implemented (Hughes, 2006). Greetz et al. (2002) classified the resistance as active and passive where active resistance is occur at the time of aggressive change and passive resistance is occur at the period of indirect change. Continuum On the other hand Pardo-del-val Martinez Fuentes,( 2003) added that resistace is not always a negative notion when change is not very favorable.InadditionMabin et al., (2001) also argued that for the improvement of the quality of decision for transformation resistance can be make a positive role. Some factors createthe resistance at different stages of change process. Resistance creates difficulties at the stage of strategy formulation and at the stage of implementation. More over the sources of resistance are divided in five groups where first three groups act as the sources of resistance at the formulation stage and last two groups act as the sources of resistance at the implementation stage (Rumelt, 1995; cited by Pardo-del-val Martinez Fuentes, 2003). Wrong perception: At the initial stage it is important toassess the needs for change, so incorrectassessment is the first barrier of change. It is also known as the barrier of interpretation.It contains another factors short-term mind set and do not have the clear idea about future strategy, Information rejection tendency, continuationof thoughts or trend to continue thoughts at the changingsituation, implied assumptions, barrier of communication, and organisational silence. Lower motivation: When change is done for a product manufacturing but it can create some problems for another. Different interest groups are involved in the change process. So sacrifice and motivation is needed. Shortage of innovative response: Reactive mentality and lack of commitment of highest authority are the main factors of this stage. Cultural and political gap: Politics of different sections, specific discrepancy among different groups, different values and environment for implementation are the main factors of this group. Another sources: Different sources are acted in the last group i.e. ineffective leadership, unplanned routines, problem of group action, shortage of required capabilities and distrust. How to manage resistance to successful change: Bamford and Forrester (2003) argues that management literature did not make any consensus about a suitable approach forsuccessfully managing organisational change. Some disagreements are always prevailing in this field. So change managers are confused to take decision for choosing the appropriate approach. They did not find any effective and reliable approach for applying in change management. If uncertainty is created by resistance not by change then resistance to change will be the major concern to manage not change itself (Carnall, 2003). Dowson (2003) has suggested that by participation, communication, support, negotiation, influence and force complexities of resistance can beovercome. He also argued that organizational development model supports the participatory approaches. In the reality it is better to employee involvement in the change process rather imposed by the management (Hughes, 2006). Resistance is created in major changes but negative effects of resistance can be red uced by open discussion andopenly discussed resistance is easily manageable than the resistance of unexpressed (Conner, 1998). It is necessary to be practical for managing resistance the nature and context of the resistance should be analyzed by the change managers (Hughes, 2006). The participatory approach is widely analyzed for its effectiveness and mostly discussed in business area as an important issue to smooth the progress of organisational change (Pardo-del-val et al., 2012). Generally, at present participatory management is playing an important part for reducing the resistance (Waddell and Sohal, 1998). Participatory approach is well received for its better creativeness and decision make (Lawler, 1993). Now it is important to know about the participative management and its impact on reducing resistance to organisational change. Participative management is a style where employees are involved in every step of the change process from decision making to implementation (Cole et al., 1993; cited byPardo-del-val et al., 2012). It is known as a traditionalconception in management literatureabout eighty years (Lawler, 1993). Managers share the decisions with the employees through information technology, training, management culture and leadership (Pardo-del-Val and Lloyd, 2003).The participative approach is generally recognized as the best method for managing resistance to organisational change which acts on two steps, firstly by decreasing resistance and then by increasing efficiency (Pardo-del-val et al., 2012).The success of changeprogramme depends on the proper identification of major sources of resistance. The change process start from its first step taking decision staff involvement is required from this stage. There is a connection between participation and commitment, and resistance is reduced by that commi tment. So the literatures opine that it is the best way to defeat resistance by the participationof all people (Pardo-del-val et al., 2012).When people feel that they are involved in the change process as well as decision making process a commitment is grown inside them by participating in the programme. Then the resistance created by the employees can be reduced by sharing the responsibilities within managers and staffs (Zeffane, 1996). Time consumption is the only shortcomingof this approach otherwisefor growing commitment and feeling it is very convenient process to manage resistance for a successful change (Lenz and Lyles, 1986). Communication is another process to implement change programme by reducing resistance (Hughes, 2006). It is impossible to make changes of an organization without effective communication with staffs (Barrett, 2002). Where communication is essential it depends on the nature, urgency, promptness and reactions of change (Quirke. 1995). The change management is generally a top down procedure, so management should provide information to the employee for clarify the necessity of transformation (Hayes, 2002). Balogun and Hope Hailey (2004) argued some reasons for communication in organizational change; Employees do not like to receive information from rumor; they always desire to know the information of change from their higher authority. Employees can realize and adjust if communicate with them earlier. Employees like to hear authentic information. Employees want to know about changes and do not like hidden policy. Finally Hughes, (2006) argued that the strategic communication is necessary for a strategic change. So, by proper communication resistance can be reduced to manage successful change. Moreover, middle managers can play an important role for both reduce the resistance and implement the change.Bamford and Forrester (2003) argue that senior managers are mainly involved with policy formulation and control but middle managers are directly involved with customer, workers and suppliers. So, operating managers have the multi-dimensional experience. They can predict the consequences of transformation. For these reasons necessary measures and adaptation policies can be taken. Middle managers can displayand filter the proposal of change initiatives and suggest to authority. Then senior managers can take decision by analyzing the proposals of middle managers. The planned change can be executedby managers with their understanding and experiences but emergent changes related to development cannot be executed solely, it needs multifunctional approaches (Wilson, 1992). Additionally Edmonds (2011) argued that team work and training have the role to implement change by decreasing resistance. He asserts that team sets task, scheduling and aim to achieve goal and develops interpersonal relations which is important for change initiatives. Edmonds also emphasized that some special skills are essentialfor manage different types of changes. Training is the basic way to attainthose skills. Finally Taylor (1999) added that training can support to understand the implementation procedure of change and clear the ambiguity. Recommendations for Further Research: Drawing the attention on change agenda, there may be basic requirement of an appropriate outline for the management of organisational change. Due to shortage of experimental study on change management in organisations, it is recommended that more research into the character of change management will be directed. The primary stage may be to complete investigative studies to enhance the understanding themanagement oforganisational change.The significant success factors can be identified by these studies for the change management. Moreover, it is very much essential to determine success rate for creating a suitable structure of change management. Therefore, determinationtechniques should be intended (Todnem By, 2005). Conclusion: Change is a continuous process for organisational development and adjusting with modern world. So, managing change is an important issue for an organization and successfully management of it is highly required (Todnem By, 2005). In the process of management of change resistance is a factor which is to be considered. So success of change depends on the success of managing resistance. Where, resistance wants to keep the organization in its current position by delaying the process. There are different factors acting as resistance which are organizational values, interests of the employees, communication gap, stillness of organization, and lack of capabilities of management and employees. So, management should consider these factors to reduce resistance for successful change (Pardo-del-val Martinez Fuentes, 2003). To reduce the resistance to change there is no universal way but some probable approaches are suggested in different management literature. Executives should give proper concentration for their needs. Moreover Pardo-del-val et al., (2012) suggested that participative management can be the one of the best way to reduce resistance. He also added that participative approach canproperlyaddressthe mentioned sources of resistance as a result output of the change process can be improved.He showed a positive relation between employee participation and resistance. Any complicacy related to change process can be resolved by the participation of staffs (Waddell and Sohal, 1998). Furthermore the barriers of change programme can be removed by open discussion (Beer and Eisenstat, 1996). Finally Pardo-del-val Martinez Fuentes, 2003 suggested that change managers can take an important role to implement successful organizational change. Managers have to know the effect of change on organisational culture and take probable measures to develop before start. This measure will be helpful to develop the relation between staffs and managers. He also emphasized that training can lessen the resistance by reducingthe barriers of communication and develop the essential skills for the change. Reference:Claire V. Brisson-Banks, (2010),Managing change and transitions: a comparison of different models and their commonalities, Library Management, Vol. 31 Iss: 4 pp. 241 252 John Edmonds, (2011),Managing successful change, Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 43 Iss: 6 pp. 349 353 Paton, R.A. and McCalman, J. (2000), Change Management: A guide to effective implementation, Sage, London.

Business Development Policy of the Post-Socialist States of Central and

Business Development Policy of the Post-Socialist States of Central and Eastern Europe DISSERTATION PROPOSAL 1. Title of Dissertation: Small & Medium Business Development Policy of the Post-Socialist States of Central and Eastern Europe in their Transition to an Open Market Economy: Lessons and Applications for Cuba. 2. Aim of Dissertation & Motivation for Research: The objective of this dissertation is to study the small and medium business policies developed in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) as a result of their transition to an open market economy. The experience gained from the extraordinary process of transition, still under way in CEE and in the former Soviet Union (FSU), is rich with lessons that could guide policy making and action in a Cuba of the future. This dissertation attempts to distill some of these lessons and to explore those, which would facilitate the growth of small and medium size enterprises, the so-called SMEs, when transition finally unfolds in the island. Many years after the initiation of transition in the former command economies of CEE and the FSU, one thing is certain: the process of transformation is far more complex and it takes far more time and resources than envisioned in 1989. The reason is that transition involves changing institutions, practices, and behaviors that have taken root in society during decades of centralized control and political repression. Another certainty is that it is possible to transform economic and political systems radically and end up with market economies and political democracies. Many years after the Berlin Wall fell; most production in countries in transition originates in the private sector and is transacted under free market conditions. In addition, most of the people live under democratic rule, where the people can vote governments out of office and have done so. The decision to change came about at different times in different countries in the region. In fact, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia had already started some reforms by the late 1980s, before the destruction of the Wall. In 1990, COMECON, the Soviet dominated free trade area, was dissolved as members decided to start trading in hard currency and at world market prices. The disappearance of the Soviet Union, where Gorbachev had started a re-structuring program under socialism, witnessed in 1992 the start of transiti... ...Achievements in Transition Economies, 1989-1999,† London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance Discussion Paper No. 475. Lavigne, M. (1991). The Economics of Transition (New York: St. Martin’s Press). Lipton, D., and Sachs, J. (1990). â€Å"Creating a Market Economy in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland,† Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1990, No. 1, pp. 75-133. Poirot, C. (1996). â€Å"Macroeconomic Policy in a Transitional Environment: Romania, 1989-1994,† Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1057-75. Przeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Roland, G. (1994). â€Å"The Role of Political Constraints in Transition Strategies,† The Economics of Transition, Vol. 2, No.1, pp. 27-41. Sachs, J. (1992). â€Å"The Economic Transformation of Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland,† The American Economist, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 3-11. Shleifer, A. (1997). â€Å"Government in Transition,† European Economic Review, Vol. 41, No. 3-5, pp. 385-410. UN Statistics Division Social Indicators, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/social/default

Title of Paper

â€Å"Although his name is hardly a household word, the ghost of Jay M. Near still stalks most U.S. courtrooms.   There exists no plaque that bears his name†¦.Near is truy the unknown soldier in the continuing struggle between the powers of government and the power of the press to publish the news.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 172) Fred Friendly, journalist, wrote of the struggle men, such as Jay M. Near, fought in their determination to live the American dream.   Their dream may not be acknowledged by the general public, but Near and his peers were trying to live the rights bestowed upon them as Americans.   Among those rights were the right to free speech, and freedom of the press. The reason Near is not a household name is because his cause may not have been seen by many to be noble.   If fought today, his cause or his dream would be likened to that of The Enquirer or The Star.   In fact, Friendly, in Minnesota Rag:   Corruption, Yellow Journalism, and the Case That Saved Freedom of The Press,   described Near vs. Minnesota, as a cast that placed freedom of the press in the least favorable light. Minnesota Rag, by Fred Friendly, traces the roots of this case all the way back to Duluth, Minnesota, beginning with a man by the name of James Morrison, who edited the Rip-Saw.   Morrison is described as a self-righteous man, willing to do anything to prove his point.   He saw a need in Duluth to expose the lawmakers for what they were.   It was a time of prohibition and Morrison saw failure in politicians and corruption in the police.   The Rip-Saw, as described by Friendly, was relentless.   â€Å"Once it had a victim in its sights, it didn’t stop until its prey was wounded.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 8) The Rip-Saw became a popular success.   The prohibition had been a failure and opened the door for Morrison to attack.   He ran storied of gambling dens increasing, prostitution and politicians, but did so under the guise of moral decency, which led the general public to believe him and the Rip-Saw.   The business sector did not have as much faith in Morrison or the Rip-Saw.   They accused him or trying to force businesses to buy advertising in order to eliminate the risk of gossip. Morrison was a single man trying to affect an entire community into believing and acting on his morals.   He had identified what he thought was just and decent and insisted that the rest of the community live by his law, or be punished.   His punishment was to be published as a headline in his paper in a non-flattering and often libelous manner.   He took it upon himself to judge the morals of others.   Morrison had an impact on local elections with the stories he printed, whether true or untrue. When finally brought to court on charges of libel, Morrison was found guilty.   Morrison immediately appealed the decision and six months later was ordered to make a public apology.   By that time, Morrison had already won, as the Mayor Power he had so maliciously written about had lost his election.   Morrison issued an apology, but certainly in jest as he had already accomplished what he had set out to do. Having accomplished such a feat, two other politicians, Boylan and Lommen, who had been lambasted in the Rip-Saw, determined that this type of press was unacceptable and formed legislation prohibiting publications that were producing â€Å"malicious, scandalous, and defamatory material.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 20)   This legislation is what would become known as the Public Nuisance Bill of 1925, often referred to as the â€Å"gag law.† â€Å"Any person who†¦.shall be engaged in the business of regularly or customarily producing, publishing or circulating, having in possession, selling or giving away, (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚   an obscene, lewd and lascivious newspaper, magazine or other periodical, or (b)  Ã‚   a malicious, scandalous and defamatory newspaper is guilty of nuisance.† This law enabled a single judge to prevent the publication of anything they believed or considered to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, or malicious, scandalous and defamatory.   Press coverage of this bill was almost non-existent and yet it had the largest impact on their business.   America, founded on freedom and liberty, was now going to allow the fate of individuals to rest in the hands of one judge, and his beliefs.   This judgment went against everything that our laws our founded on.   This wouldn’t go down without a fight. Minneapolis, Minnesota was vastly affected by the prohibition as well.   Friendly described it as a crossroads in the Canadian whiskey trade.   From Minneapolis it could be shipped to Chicago and St. Louis.   Some journalists in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area described both the politicians and law enforcement as being on the take.   Minneapolis was known as a town of gambling, illegal booze and prostitution, plagued by gang killings.   Friendly describes many of the journalists of respectable newspapers as looking the other way.   They chose not to get involved.   Enter Morrison’s successor, Jay M. Near. Near is not described as a man of conscience or character, but a man who was looking to profit, in any way he saw fit.   Again, this is likely why his name is not a household term.   Near and his partner Guilford, began a crusade against local authorities, including the chief of police.   Their publication The Saturday Press took aim at the local authorities.   Their implications tied the police to the local gambling syndicates and further accused the police of extorting money from local businesses. Brunskill, the chief of police had ordered an official ban of the paper from all newsstands in Minneapolis, on the basis that it would corrupt the morals of children.   Brunskill threatened arrest of anyone who would be selling the paper, which made Near fight harder.   Near and his cohorts promised legal aid and bail to anyone who would willingly sell the paper.   It was a political and racial fight from beginning to end.   Near, who was anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, anti-black, anti-labor, would find support in the Jewish community to further his cause.   Never the less, The Saturday Press was eventually closed and padlocked. The United States, a country founded on freedom, had caused the creation of a number of civic unions that would fight for a cause, whether they believed in it or not.   They were fighting for freedom, yours, mine and theirs.   Near had found a way to reach out to the American Civil Liberties Union, and although they did not agree with his publication, they agreed with his right to publish it.   Near was also joined by Robert Rutherford McCormick, publisher of the Chicago Tribune.   McCormick joined the battle because of his belief in the First Amendment. They joined forces in order to fight the Public Nuisance Law and to support Freedom of the Press.   They did not all agree on the purpose of that freedom or how it should be used, but that it should be present for everyone.   They had determined that no one man should have the right to quiet the voice of another, despite their difference in opinion, and they took their case to the Supreme Court. Weymouth Kirkland, appellant’s counsel, in his address to the court, asserted that the Minnesota law violated the United States Constitution by restricting freedom of the press.   Kirkland admitted that the articles were defamatory, but added, â€Å"So long as men do evil, so long will newspapers publish defamation.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 126)   Kirkland concluded that every man has the right to publish malicious, scandalous and defamatory matter, even if untrue and with bad motives. (127) They may be dealt with after the publication of such matter, but no one has the right to prevent such publication.   Kirkland’s point was that the Minnesota gag law was a method of permanent censorship, however criminal proceedings on a specific complaint were always available to the state.   (128)   The Supreme Court ruled in Near’s favor. According to Friendly, Near vs. Minnesota, placed freedom of the press in the least favorable light.   (172)   Near’s cause did not appear to be significant or even just, except by those that choose to fight this battle.   To those who fought the battle it created a â€Å"sturdy† law.   â€Å"If great cases like hard cases make bad law, as the Holmes proverb warns, it may follow that since few knew or cared about Near’s cause, freedom of the press was transformed successfully into a twentieth-century constitutional bulwark.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 173) Had this case never been heard, we may be left with the inability to question our government or local authorities today.   We live in a democratic society, where we have been granted certain unalienable rights, among them the right to freedom of speech and freedom of the press.   Without those options, the press would be unable to publish stories of certain unflattering truths about our elected officials.   We would be unable to make informed decisions. â€Å"Both the history and language of the First Amendment support the view that the press must be left to publish news, whatever the source, without censorship, injunctions, or prior restraint.   Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government.† (Friendly, 176) Near vs. Minnesota and the case of Morrison and the Rip-Saw, either story seems hard pressed to point to a great law that would emerge from the scandals.   But to leave the Public Nuisance Law in place, to limit the freedom of the press, would ultimately result in a restraint upon the freedom of the general public.   If the press cannot print what they learn, then our democracy is dissolved. â€Å"But, history, fate, or whatever fore it is that provides the unlikely champion, or the subtle, improbably turn of events that leaves its indelible stamp upon the course of human events, intervened.   It was one such incident that ultimately empowered five Supreme Court Justices to infuse with life and spirit and amendment which for 150 years had existed only as a bare skeleton.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 179)                                  Title of Paper â€Å"Although his name is hardly a household word, the ghost of Jay M. Near still stalks most U.S. courtrooms.   There exists no plaque that bears his name†¦.Near is truy the unknown soldier in the continuing struggle between the powers of government and the power of the press to publish the news.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 172) Fred Friendly, journalist, wrote of the struggle men, such as Jay M. Near, fought in their determination to live the American dream.   Their dream may not be acknowledged by the general public, but Near and his peers were trying to live the rights bestowed upon them as Americans.   Among those rights were the right to free speech, and freedom of the press. The reason Near is not a household name is because his cause may not have been seen by many to be noble.   If fought today, his cause or his dream would be likened to that of The Enquirer or The Star.   In fact, Friendly, in Minnesota Rag:   Corruption, Yellow Journalism, and the Case That Saved Freedom of The Press,   described Near vs. Minnesota, as a cast that placed freedom of the press in the least favorable light. Minnesota Rag, by Fred Friendly, traces the roots of this case all the way back to Duluth, Minnesota, beginning with a man by the name of James Morrison, who edited the Rip-Saw.   Morrison is described as a self-righteous man, willing to do anything to prove his point.   He saw a need in Duluth to expose the lawmakers for what they were.   It was a time of prohibition and Morrison saw failure in politicians and corruption in the police.   The Rip-Saw, as described by Friendly, was relentless.   â€Å"Once it had a victim in its sights, it didn’t stop until its prey was wounded.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 8) The Rip-Saw became a popular success.   The prohibition had been a failure and opened the door for Morrison to attack.   He ran storied of gambling dens increasing, prostitution and politicians, but did so under the guise of moral decency, which led the general public to believe him and the Rip-Saw.   The business sector did not have as much faith in Morrison or the Rip-Saw.   They accused him or trying to force businesses to buy advertising in order to eliminate the risk of gossip. Morrison was a single man trying to affect an entire community into believing and acting on his morals.   He had identified what he thought was just and decent and insisted that the rest of the community live by his law, or be punished.   His punishment was to be published as a headline in his paper in a non-flattering and often libelous manner.   He took it upon himself to judge the morals of others.   Morrison had an impact on local elections with the stories he printed, whether true or untrue. When finally brought to court on charges of libel, Morrison was found guilty.   Morrison immediately appealed the decision and six months later was ordered to make a public apology.   By that time, Morrison had already won, as the Mayor Power he had so maliciously written about had lost his election.   Morrison issued an apology, but certainly in jest as he had already accomplished what he had set out to do. Having accomplished such a feat, two other politicians, Boylan and Lommen, who had been lambasted in the Rip-Saw, determined that this type of press was unacceptable and formed legislation prohibiting publications that were producing â€Å"malicious, scandalous, and defamatory material.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 20)   This legislation is what would become known as the Public Nuisance Bill of 1925, often referred to as the â€Å"gag law.† â€Å"Any person who†¦.shall be engaged in the business of regularly or customarily producing, publishing or circulating, having in possession, selling or giving away, (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚   an obscene, lewd and lascivious newspaper, magazine or other periodical, or (b)  Ã‚   a malicious, scandalous and defamatory newspaper is guilty of nuisance.† This law enabled a single judge to prevent the publication of anything they believed or considered to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, or malicious, scandalous and defamatory.   Press coverage of this bill was almost non-existent and yet it had the largest impact on their business.   America, founded on freedom and liberty, was now going to allow the fate of individuals to rest in the hands of one judge, and his beliefs.   This judgment went against everything that our laws our founded on.   This wouldn’t go down without a fight. Minneapolis, Minnesota was vastly affected by the prohibition as well.   Friendly described it as a crossroads in the Canadian whiskey trade.   From Minneapolis it could be shipped to Chicago and St. Louis.   Some journalists in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area described both the politicians and law enforcement as being on the take.   Minneapolis was known as a town of gambling, illegal booze and prostitution, plagued by gang killings.   Friendly describes many of the journalists of respectable newspapers as looking the other way.   They chose not to get involved.   Enter Morrison’s successor, Jay M. Near. Near is not described as a man of conscience or character, but a man who was looking to profit, in any way he saw fit.   Again, this is likely why his name is not a household term.   Near and his partner Guilford, began a crusade against local authorities, including the chief of police.   Their publication The Saturday Press took aim at the local authorities.   Their implications tied the police to the local gambling syndicates and further accused the police of extorting money from local businesses. Brunskill, the chief of police had ordered an official ban of the paper from all newsstands in Minneapolis, on the basis that it would corrupt the morals of children.   Brunskill threatened arrest of anyone who would be selling the paper, which made Near fight harder.   Near and his cohorts promised legal aid and bail to anyone who would willingly sell the paper.   It was a political and racial fight from beginning to end.   Near, who was anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, anti-black, anti-labor, would find support in the Jewish community to further his cause.   Never the less, The Saturday Press was eventually closed and padlocked. The United States, a country founded on freedom, had caused the creation of a number of civic unions that would fight for a cause, whether they believed in it or not.   They were fighting for freedom, yours, mine and theirs.   Near had found a way to reach out to the American Civil Liberties Union, and although they did not agree with his publication, they agreed with his right to publish it.   Near was also joined by Robert Rutherford McCormick, publisher of the Chicago Tribune.   McCormick joined the battle because of his belief in the First Amendment. They joined forces in order to fight the Public Nuisance Law and to support Freedom of the Press.   They did not all agree on the purpose of that freedom or how it should be used, but that it should be present for everyone.   They had determined that no one man should have the right to quiet the voice of another, despite their difference in opinion, and they took their case to the Supreme Court. Weymouth Kirkland, appellant’s counsel, in his address to the court, asserted that the Minnesota law violated the United States Constitution by restricting freedom of the press.   Kirkland admitted that the articles were defamatory, but added, â€Å"So long as men do evil, so long will newspapers publish defamation.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 126)   Kirkland concluded that every man has the right to publish malicious, scandalous and defamatory matter, even if untrue and with bad motives. (127) They may be dealt with after the publication of such matter, but no one has the right to prevent such publication.   Kirkland’s point was that the Minnesota gag law was a method of permanent censorship, however criminal proceedings on a specific complaint were always available to the state.   (128)   The Supreme Court ruled in Near’s favor. According to Friendly, Near vs. Minnesota, placed freedom of the press in the least favorable light.   (172)   Near’s cause did not appear to be significant or even just, except by those that choose to fight this battle.   To those who fought the battle it created a â€Å"sturdy† law.   â€Å"If great cases like hard cases make bad law, as the Holmes proverb warns, it may follow that since few knew or cared about Near’s cause, freedom of the press was transformed successfully into a twentieth-century constitutional bulwark.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 173) Had this case never been heard, we may be left with the inability to question our government or local authorities today.   We live in a democratic society, where we have been granted certain unalienable rights, among them the right to freedom of speech and freedom of the press.   Without those options, the press would be unable to publish stories of certain unflattering truths about our elected officials.   We would be unable to make informed decisions. â€Å"Both the history and language of the First Amendment support the view that the press must be left to publish news, whatever the source, without censorship, injunctions, or prior restraint.   Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government.† (Friendly, 176) Near vs. Minnesota and the case of Morrison and the Rip-Saw, either story seems hard pressed to point to a great law that would emerge from the scandals.   But to leave the Public Nuisance Law in place, to limit the freedom of the press, would ultimately result in a restraint upon the freedom of the general public.   If the press cannot print what they learn, then our democracy is dissolved. â€Å"But, history, fate, or whatever fore it is that provides the unlikely champion, or the subtle, improbably turn of events that leaves its indelible stamp upon the course of human events, intervened.   It was one such incident that ultimately empowered five Supreme Court Justices to infuse with life and spirit and amendment which for 150 years had existed only as a bare skeleton.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 179)                                 

Sexuality Demonstrate

Demonstrate an understanding of selected theories and models in relation to social work fields of practice. Task: * A group presentation by a group of up to 5 sstudents on one model or perspective, that demonstrates knowledge of its major assumptions, strengths and weaknesses. Each group is to demonstrate how they would apply this understanding in a specific field of practice. * The perspective or model will be assigned to the groups on the first day of the class. Guidelines: * You are to work in groups of up to 5 on the perspective or model given to you on the first day of class. You are to describe the major features of the perspective or model with its major assumptions, strengths and weaknesses. You are to show how this perspective or model can be used within a social work field of practice.The group should be able to demonstrate why this perspective or model is appropriate for the selected field of practice. * Your findings are to be reported back to the class in a 30 minute gr oup presentation. Your will be required to hand to the tutor after the presentation all supporting details. This will include relevant PowerPoint, OHP, handouts and a list of references/ bibliography. * You are expected to use a vvariety of adult learning methods in your presentation. The methods can include role-play, use of transparencies or PowerPoint, board, flip charts etc.Participants:| 1| Due Date:| 19th November 2013| Time Limit:| 2 hours| Nga huanga / Learning Outcome: * Explain the processes and methods of working with individuals, families, whanau, groups, and communities underpinned by a range of theories/models. Task: * A closed book in-class test based on lecture material, class discussions and readings. Guidelines: * The test will be conducted under normal test conditions. * The test will be a closed book test. * There will be 10 minutes reading time. * The test will be up to two hours long. * The questions may include multi-choice or essay type questions or a combina tion of these.

“Waiting for Godot” Set Design Rationale Essays

â€Å"Waiting for Godot† Set Design Rationale Essays â€Å"Waiting for Godot† Set Design Rationale Essay â€Å"Waiting for Godot† Set Design Rationale Essay Essay Topic: Waiting for Godot [pic] â€Å"Waiting for Godot† [pic] In the production â€Å"Waiting for Godot† there are not many scenic changes made within the play. The writer of â€Å"Waiting for Godot† Sam Beckett developed the play in the form of the Theatre of the Absurd created during WW1. The Theatre of the Absurd plays are confusing and sometimes have hidden meanings concealed with dark humour. Playwrights focus their writing on conveying a sense of puzzlement, anxiety, and wonder in the face of an unexplainable universe. For example, in the play â€Å"Waiting for Godot† there are only two main scenes set in the same place; act 1 and act 2. When the two main characters Vladimir and Estragon go to sleep they wake to see the only large piece of scenic structure, a tree, has changed only slightly by growing leaves. The characters discuss how one only day has passed. However, the tree changing from bare branches to showing signs of life displays a seasonal change (e. g. winter to spring), rather than the passing of a day. Each day they wake up and wait for a man called Godot, centring all scenes around a lone tree on set. The only other scenic changes focuses on the movement of the characters with each other and their interactions with the set itself, rather than major structural scene changes. I have attached an example with a diagram of the only set change in the play. [pic] The effect of levelling by the actors standing or sitting to reveal different status or authority, appears many times in the play â€Å"Waiting for Godot†. This effect helps describe the different status of all five characters throughout the production. I have placed the seating at the front f the stage where the audience will be placed at the top of the upwards slant seating them closest to the sky with the main stage below on a lower level. This would also show that Estragon and Vladimir (on stage) are the farthest away from the sky and are stuck in the world, far away from heaven. This effect gives immediate contrast between audience members and the characters. To further enhance this contrast, the actors enter at the bottom of the stage by walking out from under the audience’s feet and travel along the gravel road. This also suggest the actors were just walking down the road and do not deliberately seek each other for company. The advantage of the audience seating in a vertically configuration, semi- encircling the stage, is to enhance the visibility of everything that is happening on stage including highly detailed scenic changes used in the production. This seating also increases the effect of voice projection (the ability for the actors to make their voice loud and clear without shouting) with the audience placed at the best level for sound waves to carry. This seating arrangement helps audiences hear the actors even without microphones, though I have decided to use speakers on each side of the stage to help maximise the understanding of the words being said. I would place lights at such an angle that they would have faint lines representing bars running along the floor of the stage showing that Vladimir and Estragon were truly trapped inside their own minds of madness. The lighting would vary according to the action, mood, or tone of the play, but will be focused on illuminating the stage leaving the audience dark. This would make the audience feel separate from the events of the play enhancing the theme of the spirit presence versus physically existing. â€Å"Waiting For Godot† Set Design Rationale â€Å"Waiting for Godot† is a play by Samuel Beckett in which two characters, Vladimir and Estragon, wait for someone or something named Godot. Godots absence, as well as numerous other aspects of the play, has led to many different interpretations since the plays premiere. The play is often considered one of the major works in the â€Å"Theatre of the Absurd movement†. Waiting for godot was Voted the most significant English language play of the 20th century, Waiting for Godot is Becketts translation of one of his older original French texts called Godot, and is subtitled (in English only) a tragicomedy in two acts. The original French text was composed between 9 October 1948, and 29 January 1949. The premiere was on 5 January 1953 in the Theatre de Babylonia. The original production was directed by Roger Blin, who also played the role of Pozzo. There is only one scene throughout both acts. Two men are waiting on a country road by a tree. The script calls for Estragon to sit on a low mound, but in practice – as in Becketts own 1975 German production – this is usually a stone. In the first act the tree is bare. In the second, a few leaves have appeared despite the script specifying that it is the next day. I used this set description to place dead looking grass with a burnt dead tree in the middle of the set. There is also rock for Estragon and a gravel road through the middle, to show that the setting is in a place far away from natural life.

Preparetion of salt Essay Example

Preparetion of salt Essay Example Preparetion of salt Paper Preparetion of salt Paper 1. INSOLUBLE SALTSSoluble salt 1(aq) + soluble salt 2(aq) insoluble salt + soluble salt (aq)acid 1(aq) acid 2(aq)Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(g) PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)Pb2+(aq) + SO2-4(aq) PbSO4To prepare a salt, you should firstly thoroughly mix the solution, then you should filter it to remove any precipitate. Next, you should, wash with distilled water and finally leave to dry in the oven.2. SOLUBLE SALTSa. Filtrationi. acid + base salt + waterH2SO4(aq) + CuO(s) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)H2SO4(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s) MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l)ii. acid + insoluble metal carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxideH2SO4(aq) + CuCO3(s) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)iii. acid + reaction metal salt + hydrogenH2SO4(aq) + Mg(s) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)The base or the metal carbonate must be insoluble so that we can remove the excess through the method of filtration. The metals that we can use must react with acids but must not react with water as this would contaminate the salt with metal hydroxide. The metals that we can use are:Mag nesium (Mg)Aluminium (Al)Zinc (Zn)Iron (Fe)We firstly measure approximately 25cm3 of sulphuric acid, by pouring it into a beaker. This only occurs in case i and not in cases ii and iii. Next we heat up the acid until it is virtually boiling. In all cases, we add the solid until it is in excess (more than what will react). This is done so that we can make sure all of the acid reacts. In cases ii and iii, we heat up the beakers to speed up the reactions. To make sure that it is complete we filter the solutions into an evaporating basin.CRYSTALISATIONTo form this process, we boil the solution in the basin in order to concentrate it. We do this until we reach the crystallisation point and that is when it is saturated at that specific temperature. We test this by dipping in a glass rod and then blowing on one end. If a fern like growth of crystals show, it means that we have reached crystallisation point. After doing that, we allow the solution to cool down which produces small crystals. However, we want large crystals. To do this we allow the solution to evaporate at room temperature for about a week, until there are only a few cubic centimetres remaining. These are filtered off because they contain soluble impurities. The crystals are than washed with a little distilled water and dried using filter paper.b. TitrationIf the metal hydroxide or the metal carbonate are soluble, (i.e. alkalis), we cannot remove the excess via the process of filtration. Therefore, we have to react these substances in their correct stoichiometric amounts (i.e. there is no excess of either of them). This is done by a process known as titration.All sodium (Na) and potassium (K) salts have to be prepared by titration as their hydroxides and carbonates are soluble.i. base of soluble metal hydroxide + acid salt + waterNaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)ii. metal carbonate + acid salt + water + carbon dioxideNa2CO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)Here are some pictures of the equ ipment that we need for this experiment:graduation pointThe pipette is used for measuring out with a fixed volume of solution. We firstly wash it out with the solution that we are going to use. In our case we are using hydrochloric acid.We then pipette 20cm3 of the acid into a conical flask. Then we then add a few drops of universal indicator to the solution.A burette is used for measuring a variable volume of solution. We also (like with the pipette) wash out the burette with alkali, which happens to sodium hydroxide in this case. We firstly fill the burette with the prescribed alkali through a funnel until the alkali reaches 0cm3.The alkali is very caustic. This means it will wear away into wood or anything in its way. The only way to stop this from happening, is to neutralise it by pouring an acid over it.We then titrate the hydrochloric acid solution with the solution from the burette until we reach the equivalence point, (end point).The indicator should abruptly change colour f rom red to a mid-range colour, orange. You should wash out the conical flask with water and repeat to get consistent titres which are within 0.2cm3 of each other. We repeat the whole thing using the same volumes but no indicators so the final colour of the solution is not changed. We then crystallise the solution as normal.Here are some results from this experiment overleaf:ATTEMPTROUGHONETWOFINAL22.3021.0042.10INITIAL-1.200.0021.00TITRE21.1021.0021.10c. EvaporationAnother method of making ammonium nitrate is done when either the acid or the alkali is volatile (evaporates easily). An example of this is for an acid -hydrochloric acid or for an alkali ammonia. In these cases we do not need to use the process of titration to prepare the salt. We can simply add the excess of the one that is volatile and the excess will evaporate when we come to evaporate the solution.NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)We measure out approximately 20cm3 of nitric acid into an evaporating basin. We then add am monia solution while stirring until in excess. We can check for this by its smell and confirm it is in excess by using red litmus paper which should turn blue. We then crystallise the solution as usual where upon the excess ammonia will evaporate.

How to Personalize Your Revision Checklist

How to Personalize Your Revision Checklist How to Personalize Your Revision Checklist How to Personalize Your Revision Checklist By Guest Author This is a guest post by Laura Hamby. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. Everyone has their methods. I’ve read revision checklists all over the Internet, but still that didn’t stop me from coming up with my very own checklist. Why? Why not? Who knows better than I how I write? And while I will confess to incorporating items from the checklists of other authors, especially those who write in the genre I do (because I’m a big fan of learning from others), I also know the areas I need to pay attention to on the second/third, et cetera, go-round on my manuscript. The idea is not to revise your voice right out of your work. It is possible to do that if you’re not careful. You also don’t want to revise yourself so you wind up sounding like the person whose checklist you’ve borrowed for your own use. So, what did I consider when putting my personalized checklist together? I’m glad you asked. 1. Things my critique partner pings me on regularly. In the beginning, I had a crit partner who would whack my knuckles with her cyber ruler about head hopping. Stay in ONE point of view? It took me a while to figure it out, but eventually I caught on and now when I head hop, I KNOW what I’m doing. These things are subject to change as you grow as a writer. 2. Things I personally think I can and should do better. Several years ago, I gave myself a mission to use better, stronger verbs whenever and wherever I could. I took baby steps in the beginning, I’d write, then go back and check for passive, lackluster verbs. After a while, I moved on to refusing to use a wimpy verb in the rough draft, even if it meant I stared at the screen until I came up with something better. I like to think now that I’ve about got this licked- the verbs with verve come more easily than the verveless verbs now. As with number one, the items on this portion of your checklist will change, which is exactly what you want, as it shows that you’re growing as a writer. 3. Feedback I’ve received from editors. Hey, I figure if I’m lucky enough to get a rejection complete with what worked and what didn’t work for the editor, that’s as positive a rejection as you can get. And boy, how stupid would I be to discount what the editor has to say? 4. Those pesky generic things that should be on every revision checklist. You know, fun things like spelling, grammar, punctuation, looking for words that are words but are the wrong words. Example: â€Å"The hen is mightier than the sword.† These are what I like to call ‘Fun Typos’ because they often are worth at least a weak giggle, if not a full belly laugh when you find them. 5. Compositional/conventional aspects. Plot, flow, pacing, all threads tied off in a pretty bow, and so forth. 6. Have I stayed true to my voice? We all have a unique voice, but sometimes, it’s possible for it become lost when we try to be too clever or when we fight our way through a scene as if it were a paper bag we had to escape from using nothing but a dull toothpick. This is the part that is truly personal, above and beyond the conventions, like using periods to indicate the end of a statement, that we must observe. What questions can you ask yourself on your checklist that will resonate with how you write and what you write in regard to remaining true to your voice? Feel free to add or subtract from this list, and hey, if you come up with something to consider for creating your own personal revision checklist, let me know. I’m a big believer in being teachable and learning as much as I can about the craft of writing. Laura Hamby writes romantic comedy, has been e-published and enjoys her quest for self-directed continuation learning in writing . Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†List of Greek Words in the English LanguageEbook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Change Model to Expand the Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change Model to Expand the Business - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in business expansion, the change process plays an essential role to evaluate present performances and future possibilities. Apart from this, planning plays a very valuable role during the change process. An appropriate change model is required to be implemented with the intention of ensuring that the expansion process is conducted successfully. Subsequently, the success of the change model is dependent on various factors that include communication of the urgency of change, type of change needed and effective communication of change plan. In this context, planning and implementation process are required to be managed successfully in order to enhance probability margin of success. In the present scenario, globalization and advanced technology are the prime factors accountable for business expansion in different overseas market segments. The organization in order to enter the Chinese market segments and conduct business operations successfully is required to ensure that business operations are performed in accordance with the preferences as well as the behavior of customers. The market segments of China are developing rapidly with consumers mostly preferring for local branded products and/or services. In this context, the Chinese consumers are identified to have minimum needs or preferences for foreign products and/or services. Thus, it can be evidently asserted that in order to establish a business relation in a Chinese market, the organization is required to adopt effective change model to ensure that business operations are conducted on the basis of market demands.

Gambino Crime Family Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Gambino Crime Family - Research Paper Example Understanding the way in which corrupt organizations are formed, romanticized and sometimes revered allows for a continued understanding of the culture and heritage of an aspect of the United States. The Mafioso presence in the United States most likely began during the 19th century when an influx of Italian immigrants can be measured through records from Ellis Island. Giuseppe Morello is most likely the first ‘boss of bosses’ in New York, having arrived there in 1867 when he was running from charges in Italy that he had been part of cattle rustling and had committed murder. He held this title until 1910. In the year 1900, he there are records of charges that include counterfeiting, murder, and the suspected kidnapping and disappearance of a teenage girl. There are extensive records of similar charges, including suspicion of his involvement in over 60 murders that follow until 1910 when he was imprisoned for ten years. Upon his release he was supposedly given a death sentence by the Mafia, but this was overturned and he acted as an advisor until 1930 when he was finally murdered by rival Mafioso gang members (Dash xvii) Morello was called â€Å"the Clutch† because his right arm had a deformity from birth. The arm was shortened and had only the little finger, missing the thumb and other three digits. The most infamous murder of the time was called the Barrel Murder. This murder was the landmark occasion that brought the Mafioso to the direct attention of the authorities. A man named Madonio was a rival of Morello. It is unknown his direct crime that landed him in such great peril, but while at an eating establishment, Morello had his men grab him, take him to a sink, then cut his throat so that the head was almost severed. The body was then stuffed into a three foot high barrel and left as a warning to anyone else who would dare to cross Morello (Dash 7-9). Thus began the conflict

Kate Chopin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Kate Chopin - Research Paper Example On the rare occasion when one 'woke up' from her enforced dullness, she was either reduced in social status, ruined forever, or killed by the restrictions keeping her from remaining fully awake. These are the issues Chopin explores in her work, reminding us, even now, of the need to protect women's rights and freedoms. Awakening the Female in Kate Chopin’s Works Perhaps the greatest single characteristic of the Victorian age was its nature as an era full of strong contradictions. These contradictions are often captured in the works of female writers working during this time period. As the greater world of farm and commerce changed around them, women as a gender began to question their expected roles in society and began demanding more opportunities available for personal fulfillment. This wasn't simply a selfish desire to follow their own dreams, although this was a factor. It was also a recognition of the fact that many women found it necessary to have more options open to th em for self-support and for the greater welfare of their families. Although women throughout time had found various ways to make it on their own, it was rarely possible for them to attain both material comfort and personal independence without the interference of a man. These are issues that figure prominently in women's writing of the time, such as in the work of Kate Chopin. Within her short stories and novels, Chopin reveals deep meaning and strong feminism embedded within the text due to her careful use of perspective and imagery. Her talent enables her to ‘paint a picture’ of life as it was experienced in that moment. Her stories gain their strength by focusing on key elements of the environment in which the characters move and through the special attention she gives to just how the story should be told. Her style enables the reader to experience the various constraining forces, both material and psychological, that were experienced by women of her time and illustr ates why they would want to escape from it. These ideas are easily discovered in a comparison among some of Chopin's short stories, such as â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and "The Storm," and her novel Awakening as the women experience an awakening to their own long-hidden inner nature. The possibility that one can actually awake to a hidden inner self is the primary action of many of Chopin's works and can be easily found in her short short story "The Story of an Hour." The story begins with the introduction of a frail woman later discovered to be named Louise. Louise is sitting in her home's living room being told by her sister and a close family friend of the sudden death of her husband during a railroad accident. â€Å"She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister’s arms† (Chopin 199). Following her somewhat alarming outburst, Louise closes herself in her upstairs bedroom and sits in another chair looking out the window as she considers her new position as a widow. Her feelings toward her husband are revealed in this scene to have been strangely ambivalent: â€Å"And yet she had loved him – sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter?† (Chopin 201). The horror of her emptiness as a married woman is clearly expressed in her nearly emotionless assessment of what she’s lost in conjunction with her dawning realization that she is finally free to follow her own idea of happiness: â€Å"

Informative Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informative - Speech or Presentation Example My case, like most traffic offenses, did not require my presence in court. Instead, it was handled by a violations bureau that exerted a fine on me without having to appear in court. Traffic offenses, according to Neubauer, and Fradella, refer to a group of offenses involving self-propelled motor vehicles. These violations range from parking violations to improper equipment. Speeding is the most common traffic offense, along with driving without a license and driving with a revoked or suspended license. Traffic offenses are, typically, punishable by a small fine (475). The traffic court, according to Jacques, usually has under, its jurisdiction and control, a violations bureau to handle nonmoving violations, so that you can appear and pay a fine to be fixed by the judge without the requirement of an appearance in court. It would be ideal if the traffic judge could hear the case of each person cited into court for any motor vehicle code violation personally, but this would require a s ubstantial number of additional judges and court personnel. Therefore, it is better that the traffic judge devote his time and attention to those moving violations which are the causes of accidents and delegate to a bureau the duty of collecting a fixed fine in the nonmoving violations (381). Although, in my case, I did not require to go to court, I chose to attend a court case anyway to learn the procedure followed in court cases. As soon as you are put under arrest on suspicion of a crime, you became a defendant. Defendants enjoy several rights, which are; right to presumption of innocence until proven guilty, the right to be informed of your charges, the right to maintain silence, the right to retain an attorney, the right to be assigned an attorney, the right to request a reasonable postponement, the right to or not to testify, the right to call or subpoena a witness and the right to appeal. Once you have your day in court, you should expect several things. First, you should alw ays pay serious attention to what the court staff and the judge are saying. Additionally, you should be aware that all proceedings in the court are recorded, and the judge will always offer an opening statement. After the judge is through with the opening statement, the cases are called out in order starting with a request for postponement, uncontested motion, first arraignment, plea of guilty, plea of not guilty (without an attorney) and plea of not guilty (with an attorney). If you have no attorney, the case can be postponed to give you the opportunity to obtain either a private attorney or a court appointed public defender. In cases involving disputes, the disputes can be solved without having to go in front of a judge through discussions arbitrated by a mediator. You can also choose to enter a plea agreement. This is where you choose to reach a negotiated settlement instead of having to undergo a trial. While entering a plea, you might need to negotiate with the prosecutor or at torney who represents the state. However, all plea agreements must be reviewed and approved by a judge for them to become biding. Bergman, Berman, and Berman-Barrett, state that plea bargaining can be conveniently divided into two forms: sentence and charge bargaining. Sentence bargaining is a plea bargaining type in which the prosecutor agrees to

Discrimination in the Workforce Problem-Resolution Essay

Discrimination in the Workforce Problem-Resolution - Essay Example Now let us see what may be the goal to be formulated by the leader to achieve a better result where the problem of discrimination arises. AIM/GOAL The best way to combat workplace discrimination is to prevent it from happening in the first place. So the first and foremost aim or goal should be always ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Henry Kissinger US diplomat & scholar; national security advisor 1969-1975; Secretary of State 1973-1977; Nobel Prize in Peace 1973 3Solution for the discrimination of the workforce revolving around the elimination of the so called discrimination of work force in the workplace. OBJECTIVE It is vital for any organization to formulate the objectives to attain the above said goals.The desired objectives should be, 1. To achieve a change in someone's life and to improve their life opportunities, 2. To keep an accelerate quality of life for someone as long as possible in the face of infirmity and adversity, 3. To keep people safe from harm and harming themselves to others. (2) To achieve these objectives which are aim to eradicate the discrimination of workforce in the workplace some strategies must be brought in. STRATEGIES 1. To educate and make the leaders and the workers aware of their rights and...But the employer or leader is the sole and prime body to prevent such inactivity right before the outburst of the crisis for the well being of his dependents and also for the benefit of the company. As Henry Kissinger (1) the task of the leader is to get his people from where they are to where they have not been. So for a leader it is import display varied leadership styles according to the demands of the diverse situations. To prevent the problems like discrimination of workforce and safe guard the interest of the employees the leader has to acquire the tactics like vision, strategy, communication, buy-in, motivation, empowerment etc. Besides he has to plan an overall goal to achieve the thriving end and also he must have precise objectives to gain this goal. Now let us see what may be the goal to be formulated by the leader to achieve a better result where the problem of discrimination arises. 3. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC),(2004) in Annual Federal Sector EXCEL Program for Government Employees, Managers, and Union Officials from August 30 to September 2, 2004 in Las Vegas, Nevada. disability. A strong prevention program helps employers comply with the law and breaks down barriers to employment opportunities.

Sale of Goods Act 1979 Commercial law (uk) Assignment

Sale of Goods Act 1979 Commercial law (uk) - Assignment Example If one were to adopt the narrow semantic position in this discussion, then one could conceivably argue that The Sale of Goods Act 1979 is more suitable as a commercial code. After all it was created specifically to address itself to commercial transactions between parties. In that these transactions almost always pertain to providing a good for a fee, this type of undertaking in an of themselves can be classified as a commercial transaction. The thrust of the Sale of Goods Act and its intent is to provide a net for all transactions; consumer and business. When one views the Act in its totality, it is readily discernable that it is an interchangeable document. Which attempts to address all of the possibilities which might surface during the course of a transaction. It was through the formulation of contracts that man was able to expand the acts of liaise faire and enter into deals. A contract is formed by agreement between two parties to the contract; the parties must choose to enter into a binding agreement; in a ordinary buyer to seller contract this may entail; the seller agrees to provide the buyer an item at a stated price. The seller (may be implied or explicit) then agrees to deliver the item in a reasonable or merchantable (satisfactory) condition to the buyer. The buyer having agreed with the conditions of the purchase agrees to pay the seller his previously stated price upon delivery of the item.... price upon delivery of the item. This is a bilateral contract, wherein each party has taken on an obligation to do something, in return for something. The promise which has been made by each party makes the "verbal" contract (may be formal or informal), binding. If any term or condition in this legally binding contract is breached by either party, the contract can then be voided. 3 As we find in Baldry v. Marshall [1925]; B owned a racing car but his wife refused to ride in it. He approached M, a car dealer, requesting details of Bugatti cars, about which he (B) knew nothing. He asked for a car that would be comfortable and suitable for touring purposes, and the dealer recommended a Bugatti. B agreed to buy a Bugatti; after inspecting the chassis. Once completed, it was obvious that the car was a racing car and not suitable for touring. He returned the car and sued for one thousand pounds that he had already paid under the contract. The court held; that B had relied upon the skill and judgement of M, and that it was in the course of M's business to supply cars. Hence, there had been a breach of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 S 14 (3). When a purchaser relies upon the skill and judgment of a seller and that seller is acting within the course of his business, then the purposes of S 14 (3), goods must be suitable for the purpose made known to the seller if a breach is to be avoided. Even if the goods are of merchantable (satisfactory) quality; other implied terms must be satisfied. S14 (3) precludes the seller from

Discrimination in the Workforce Problem-Resolution Essay

Discrimination in the Workforce Problem-Resolution - Essay Example Now let us see what may be the goal to be formulated by the leader to achieve a better result where the problem of discrimination arises. AIM/GOAL The best way to combat workplace discrimination is to prevent it from happening in the first place. So the first and foremost aim or goal should be always ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Henry Kissinger US diplomat & scholar; national security advisor 1969-1975; Secretary of State 1973-1977; Nobel Prize in Peace 1973 3Solution for the discrimination of the workforce revolving around the elimination of the so called discrimination of work force in the workplace. OBJECTIVE It is vital for any organization to formulate the objectives to attain the above said goals.The desired objectives should be, 1. To achieve a change in someone's life and to improve their life opportunities, 2. To keep an accelerate quality of life for someone as long as possible in the face of infirmity and adversity, 3. To keep people safe from harm and harming themselves to others. (2) To achieve these objectives which are aim to eradicate the discrimination of workforce in the workplace some strategies must be brought in. STRATEGIES 1. To educate and make the leaders and the workers aware of their rights and...But the employer or leader is the sole and prime body to prevent such inactivity right before the outburst of the crisis for the well being of his dependents and also for the benefit of the company. As Henry Kissinger (1) the task of the leader is to get his people from where they are to where they have not been. So for a leader it is import display varied leadership styles according to the demands of the diverse situations. To prevent the problems like discrimination of workforce and safe guard the interest of the employees the leader has to acquire the tactics like vision, strategy, communication, buy-in, motivation, empowerment etc. Besides he has to plan an overall goal to achieve the thriving end and also he must have precise objectives to gain this goal. Now let us see what may be the goal to be formulated by the leader to achieve a better result where the problem of discrimination arises. 3. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC),(2004) in Annual Federal Sector EXCEL Program for Government Employees, Managers, and Union Officials from August 30 to September 2, 2004 in Las Vegas, Nevada. disability. A strong prevention program helps employers comply with the law and breaks down barriers to employment opportunities.

Wireless compatibility with information systems Essay

Wireless compatibility with information systems - Essay Example Our subject devices may be GPRS/EDGE or 3G connected computers or alternately Wi-Fi connected smart phones. There are compatibility issues at the network, operating system, and application levels.There are compatibility issues at the network, operating system, and application levels (Intermec, Nortel). These issues are currently being addressed with the objective of achieving a convergent information network that transparently supports all applications using any terminal device.GSM wireless networks carried IP packets over GPRS (45 Kbps), and EDGE (180 Kbps). These protocols are modem based and are slower and less reliable than current digital data transmission technologies. Current versions of TCP assume a reliable high rate link and therefore its congestion control algorithms are tuned to handle traffic driven congestion. Wireless links are slower and incur higher error rates. Several options related to fast error recovery have resulted in the development of "Wireless Profiled TCP. "UMTS, a GSM and CDMA successor, is a 3G technology whose development is carried through into 4G, relies on W-CDMA and supports up to 21 Mbps with HSDPA. Users can expect at best uplink rates of 284 Kbps and downlink of 7.2 Mbps. When IP is carried over UMTS, ATM is typically the link layer, with SS7 being the signaling protocol. The later has a different addressing scheme from IP, so two new protocols were developed to carry SS7 over IP. Real time and streaming oriented transport protocols are also being developed in replacement to TCP. It is unfair to even attempt to treat all network issues involved in this short paper. An excellent and complete coverage of the subject is provided in (Bannister et Al., 2004). The practical conclusion is that there are many standards and operator related issues that would have to be resolved before one can think of actual convergence at the network level. On another hand, wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) technology seems to be the more suited for short and medium term mobile application support since the wireless part involved has local significance and was designed to interwork with IP routers, just like an Ethernet port plugged into the router. 1.2 Operating System compatibility There are as of now far more mobile operating systems than there are "stable" PC ones: Windows Mobile, Symbian, Google's Android, Blackberry's RIM, and Apple's iPhone OS are the most known (Wikipedia.org). Operating systems impact the way the network's physical media is accessed (the air interface) and the way client applications communicate with servers (protocols). One can find disparate solutions being developed like enabling MS Exchange access from Windows Mobile or IBM's Lotus notes and Citrix access from Apple's iPhone; but there is long and intense way to go before assuming smooth client-server applications. This is a major hinder since portable wireless devices are intended to run thin client applications and rely on servers for heavier processing and storage. Middleware is being developed to translate between mobile systems and servers, such as Omni Technology's GroupWise caching client. 1.3 Applications There are issues with the development and testing platforms used to design wireless applications, which have to be developed on a PC or workstation and

Data Application Development Earthquake and Breast Cancer

Data Application Development Earthquake and Breast Cancer Data Application Development for Earthquake and Breast Cancer Datasets Abstract-This report is a general study of two datasets, the first contains data from the earthquake occurred in the region of Marche, Italy in the year 2016 and the second dataset is mammography data, with mean values of measurements and structures of tumors found in patients, for both studies different techniques related to data science were applied, with the intention of revealing conclusions that a priori are impossible to visualize. Keywords-Italy Earthquake, Mammongraphy studies, MapReduce algorithm, Python. With the high processing power that modern computers have acquired, one of the scientific branches that have been most developing is data science, which consists of the generalized extraction of knowledge from information and data. Unlike statistical analysis, data science is more holistic, more global, for using large volumes of data to extract knowledge that adds value to an organization of any kind. In this project, the breast cancer dataset contains information on the geometry, size and texture of tumors found in approximately 5100 patients. The main idea with this database is to construct a predictive model that will be able to detect when a tumor is carcinogenic in other words, predict whether the cancer is benign or malignant, from the descriptions of the same one. In the other hand, the second dataset contains information about the earthquake that occurred in Italy in year 2016, contains all the replicas that occurred by three days after and all earthquakes are geotagged, with this dataset the main idea is to do data mining, to visualize the information of an innovative way, applying geospatial theory and statistical techniques specific of data science. A. Italy 2016 Earthquake Dataset This database is Open-Source accessible to the community and is part of the extensive catalog offered free of charge by the Kaggle website, its structure is as follows: template dataset Time Latitude Longitude Depth Magnitude UTC time WGS87 WGS87 Km Richter scale It has 8086 records with full data history, each row represents an earthquake event. For each event, the following properties are given: the exact timing of the event in the format Y-m-d hh:mm:s.ms the exact geographical coordinates of the event, in latitude and longitude the depth of the hypocenter in kilometers the magnitude value in Richter scale The dataset was collected from this real-time updated list from the Italian Earthquakes National Center. From now on we will call this dataset A B. Breast Cancer (Diagnostic) Data Set Features are computed from a digitized image of a fine needle aspirate (FNA) of a breast mass. They describe characteristics of the cell nuclei present in the image. n the 3-dimensional space is that described in [1]. Attribute Information: 1) ID number 2) Diagnosis (M = malignant, B = benign) 2)Ten real-valued features are computed for each cell nucleus: (a) radius (mean of distances from center to points on the perimeter) (b) texture (standard deviation of gray-scale values) (c) perimeter (d) area (e) smoothness (local variation in radius lengths) (f) compactness (perimeter^2 / area 1.0) (g) concavity (severity of concave portions of the contour) (h) concave points (number of concave portions of the contour) (i) symmetry (j) fractal dimension (coastline approximation 1) 3) The mean, standard error and worst or largest (mean of the three largest values) of these features were computed for each image, resulting in 30 features. For instance, field 3 is Mean Radius, field 13 is Radius SE, field 23 is Worst Radius. 4) All feature values are recoded with four significant digits. This database was obtained from Kaggle website. It belongs to their repository and is open to scientist of the world that want to study it. From now on we will call this dataset B Knowledge extraction is mainly related to the discovery process known as Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD), which refers to the non-trivial process of discovering knowledge and potentially useful information within the data contained in some information repository [2]. It is not an automatic process, it is an iterative process that exhaustively explores very large volumes of data to determine relationships. It is a process that extracts quality information that can be used to draw conclusions based on relationships or models within the data. A. Data selection Both databases were carefully chosen based on the following details: Reliable source or repository, which guarantees the reliability of the data, for this report the source is Kaggle who maintain a database open to the public and that users can comment. Data without an excessive amount of white space, since having to fill this spaces with 0 can cause distortions in the model, making the predictions or conclusions of the studies are invalid. That they contain at least 5000 rows, to make substantial the study and the conclusions had measurable. B. information preprocessing For both datasets, some simple statistical tests were performed with the intention of filling the missing data in the most effective way. For example, for the data of the B the standard deviation and the mean value was calculated, besides raising a frequency histogram to check that the data followed a Gaussian distribution, in fact the data is distributed in this way, so it was completed with values taken randomly based on the mean and standard deviation of the data, this way ensures that the missing data does not provide incorrect information. For the data of A, the average values were obtained and the latitudes and longitudes of each exact point where the earthquake occurred, rounded off in order to be able to made a geospatial label with a region of each Italian province. C. Transformation For both datasets, MapReduce algorithm was applied it is based on the HDFS data architecture. The idea is to be able to map key values, with each of the data and its header, so that the access to them is efficient, with this it is tried to give robustly to data, in addition to reducing the processing times. The main idea of this type of algorithm is to be able to maintain the data in distributed systems, although for this project only a single node was configured. D. Data Mining At this stage of the process, it is already clear how are data distributed, and it is where we decide which Machine Learning or Data Mining algorithms to apply. For the case of data set B, we decided Machine Learning algorithm based on logistic regression, starting from the following arguments: It was verified that the data follow a linear distribution and are correlated with each other. As the result is a decision, Benign or Malignant (1 or 0) The most intuitive is to apply the logistic regression to predict the diagnoses. For the second set of data the technique used will be the a posteriori study of the cataclysm with the intention of revealing conclusions about earthquake, focused on the geospatial area, starting with the labeling WGS87 and with the coordinates of each earthquake it is possible to construct a density of earthquakes by region, With this data it is possible to determine which region was most affected, which was the epicenter of the earthquake and to determine if there is a correlation between the depth of the earthquake and the magnitude. There is no period after the et in the Latin abbreviation et al. The abbreviation i.e. means that is, and the abbreviation e.g. means for example. The implementation was made in Python version 2.7. There are a few key libraries that will be used. Below is a list of the Python SciPy libraries required for implement algorithms for B: Scipy, numpy, matplotlib, pandas sklearn, patsy and statsmodels. And other few more for implement A: Pandas, Numpy, Matplotlib, Basemap, Shapely, Pysal, Descartes, Fiona, Pylabs and Statsmodels, and the architecture for store and read the data is the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is the primary storage system used by Hadoop applications. HDFS is built to support applications with large data sets, including individual files that reach into the terabytes. It uses a master/slave architecture, with each cluster consisting of a single NameNode that manages file system operations and supporting DataNodes that manage data storage on individual compute nodes. In the next image, Fig. 1 are exposed the workflow diagram for the Machine Learning algorithm applied to B dataset Figure 1: Workflow for Machine Learning algorithm And in the second one, Fig. 2 the workflow for dataset A, this workflow was constructed from the selected methodology, the idea is to follow this pattern of work to increase the productivity of research as they are work frames highly tested by qualified researchers in the area. Figure 2: Workflow for Data Mining research For the data set B, a recursion stage is considered in case the final predictions are not satisfactory, this would entail rethinking the model and to get everything values again. For data set A, the diagram is focused on maximum representation of the data to extract a substantial number of conclusions from graphs. A. Dataset A The first result obtained is a map of the central region of Italy with each of 8000 points where earthquakes occurred. Figure 3: Scatter ploting with administrative subdivision Weve drawn a scatter plot on Italy map Fig. 3, containing points with a 50 meters diameter, corresponding to each point of A dataset. This is a first step, but doesnt really tell anything interesting about the density per region merely that there were more earthquakes in Marche Italy region than in the outer places. Figure 4: Density ploting with administrative subdivision Now we can see how was the distribution Fig. 4 of the earthquake. It is clear on the map that the regions most affected were Lazio, Marche and Umbria. Figure 5: Magnitude rolling mean Most of the earthquakes occurred at a depth of 10km. This can be seen in next graph Fig. 6 by a frequency histogram of depth. Figure 6: Frequency Histogram The following table shows the 5 earthquakes with the greatest impact and their regions where they occurred. table II: Greater magnitude earthquakes Time Region Depth Magnitude 2016-08-24 Lazio 8.1 6.0 2016-08-24 Umbria 8.0 5.4 2016-10-26 Umbria 8.7 5.4 2016-10-26 Brescia 7.5 5.9 2016-10-30 Brescia 9.2 6.5 B. Dataset B We are going to look at two types of plots: Univariate plots to better understand each attribute. Multivariate plots to better understand the relationships between attributes. 1) Univariate Plots: We start with some univariate plots, that is, plots of each individual variable. Given that the input variables are numeric, we can create box and whisker plots of each. Figure 7: whisker plots Fig. 7 gives a much clearer idea of the distribution of the input attributes It looks like perhaps most of the input variables have a Gaussian distribution. This is useful to note as we can use algorithms that can exploit this assumption also this can be seen in Fig. 8. Figure 8: Frequency histogram 2) Algorithm evaluation: In this step we evaluated the most important algorithms of Machine Learning in search of which is best adapted to the data. we used statistical methods to estimate the accuracy of the models that we create on unseen data. We also want a more concrete estimate of the accuracy of the best model on unseen data by evaluating it on actual unseen data. That is, we were held back some data that the algorithms will not get to see and we will use this data to get a second and independent idea of how accurate the best model might actually be. We split the loaded dataset into two, 80% of which we used to train our models and 20% that we will hold back as a validation dataset. We evaluated 6 different algorithms: Logistic Regression (LR) Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Gaussian Naive Bayes (NB). Support Vector Machines (SVM). This is a good mixture of simple linear (LR and LDA), nonlinear (KNN, CART, NB and SVM) algorithms. We reset the random number seed before each run to ensure that the evaluation of each algorithm is performed using exactly the same data splits. It ensures the results are directly comparable. Figure 9: Algorithm comparison LR: 0.658580 (0.027300) LDA: 0.661676 (0.026534) KNN: 0.606749 (0.023558) CART: 0.569616 (0.041578) NB: 0.621194 (0.032784) SVM: 0.641823 (0.025195) The LR algorithm was the most accurate model that we tested. Now we want to get an idea of the accuracy of the model on our validation set. This will give us an independent final check on the accuracy of the best model. It is valuable to keep a validation set just in case you made a slip during training, such as overfitting to the training set or a data leak. Both will result in an overly optimistic result. We can run the LR model directly on the validation set and summarize the results as a final accuracy score, a confusion matrix and a classification report. The accuracy is 0.75 or 75%. The confusion matrix provides an indication of the 25 errors made. As we can see the data science has a wide field of work, in areas so diverse that for the case of this report ranging from medicine to cartography and seismology. With this report, it is evident how important the Machine Learning algorithms in cancer diagnosis, although this small case in study is not perfect, there are more advanced tools and more sophisticated algorithms that allow penetrating in this field of An amazing form, the author recommend a degree project where Deep Learning algorithms and deep neural networks are applied in the diagnosis of diseases. It is certainly a prominent field. On the other hand, in the first dataset, it was possible to explore tools for the management of maps and the placement of big amounts of data on these, with the main idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹exposing results that looking at the raw data is impossible to observe. This allows you to find new points of view about phenomena already happened and learn from them to improve infrastructures or tools. In short, data science is a field in full swing that will give much to talk about in recent years, we live in an age where information is power and manipulate and understand information are the tools of the future. References K. P. Bennett and O. L. Mangasarian: Robust Linear Programming Discrimination of Two Linearly Inseparable Sets, Optimization Methods and Software 1, 1992, 23-34 Williams, G. J., Huang, Z. (1996, October). A case study in knowledge acquisition for insurance risk assessment using a KDD methodology. In Proceedings of the Pacific Rim Knowledge Acquisition Workshop, Dept. of AI, Univ. of NSW, Sydney, Australia (pp. 117-129).