Culture diversity Essay

Individual Final Assignment- What information about diversity in the United States has helped you better understand or relate to others in ways that you may not have in the past? Have you learned something new about your own racial, ethnic, or cultural history? Trends in immigration will continue to shape the demographics of the United States. What will the U.S. population look like in the year 2050? Why do you think so? What challenges does the United States face due to the diversity of its people? What are the benefits of such a diverse society? How can we foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States? In what ways do the media perpetuate stereotyping and prejudice? Provide examples to support your assertion. In what ways do the media help foster appreciation for diversity? Provide examples to support your assertion. How might individuals and the United States work together to reduce prejudice and increase appreciation for diversity? How might you change your own behaviors to be more inclusive and pluralistic? Diversity in the United States Studying Cultural Diversity has opened my eyes to the information dealing with the many issues in today’s society. I never paid attention to diversity in the United States before I took this class I was well aware of the issues in my society but this class made me understand why it is happening and where it all started. It taught me that different racial and ethnic groups have unique cultural traditions which make them who they are. The United States is very diverse. The term diversity is used to refer to the many demographic variables, including race, religion, color, gender, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, age and education. America’s diversity has given this country its unique strength, resilience and richness. The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population. The United States census identifies six ethnic and racial categories: White American, American Indian and Alaska native, Asia, African American, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander. It also included Hispanic or Latino American Being the largest minority group in the nation. White Americans are the racial majority in the nation. I am an African American Woman. I am very familiar with my culture and background history. Studying diversity this semester has opened my eyes to the values of my cultures also showing me how hard people fought for the rights of my peoples. I am aware that civil rights activists fought for my rights not only as an African American but because I am a woman as too. There were many civil rights movement and acts that fought against discrimination against minority groups. African Americans make up the largest subgroups and are descendants of Africans who were transported to the United States in the mid-1600 during the slave trades. Before the 1600’s this id no record of African Americans. African Americans have a hard time with ancestral background because slave owners did not keep up with the records of their slaves. Most African Americans resided in the southeastern and south central states. The diversity in the United States today have made it more difficult for many people to place themselves on the racial and ethnical landscape. The racial and ethnical landscape is constructed to out socially and not naturally. This is what causes the landscape to be subject to change and different interpretation. There is an increasing change in the respect for biracial identity and multiracial identity groups. In history mixed races were considered to be taboo and unheard of. In today’s society you see more biracial couples and children. This shows that there is some acceptance in diversity. The labels names for subordinate have evolved American Indians to Native Americans to native people or Negros to Blacks to African Americans. I have learned that the various issues in which our nation faces dealing with prejudice, discrimination and stereotypes which leads to the issues concerning hates crimes. The United States population is expected to increase by the year 2050. According to the United States Census Bureau projections the portions of the resident of the United States who are white and non-Hispanic will decrease significantly by the year 2015. The minority status is not about numbers there is no denying that the White American majority is diminishing in size relatively to the growing diversity of racial and ethnic groups. Over the next couple of decades the United States population is expected to increase rapidly in its older population and a large increase in racial and ethnic  diversity. Although the expected increase in the population the white population is expected to decrease due to the diversity and the increase in multiracial identity groups. Diversity comes in all forms. In today’s workplace technology is rapidly growing and experiencing rapid changing the ways of living. Businesses are working on an international level dealing with different race, religion, ethnics, age and gender. It is important the company owners to understand the true meaning of diversity when managing an increasingly growing diverse group of people. Simple misunderstandings can arise from basic cultural differences, communication style, or work attitudes. These misunderstandings can create challenges. Gender communication issues can range from communication styles and perception, opportunities and can even cause sexual harassment. Racism is the belief that these inherited characteristics can affect the individual’s abilities or behaviors. The concepts of diversity are practiced world-wide by people and organizations. When an organization has a group that belongs to a diverse group it demonstrates organization and celebrates the diversity that exists in people of different backgrounds. It promotes humanistic values. Active persuasion of diversity in the workplace directly impacts productivity and profitability of the organization as well as its employees. Promoting diversity reduces absenteeism rates, lower employee turnovers and reduces legal responsibility of discrimination lawsuits. Being able to understand different identity groups will improve the work stability with each other. If this is practice then cultures will have no problem working with each other. We can foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States by being civil and tolerant. Being respectable to one another and treating each other equally. If we can practice living in a community with other identity groups we will establish a well-defined multi-cultural group. Media perpetuates stereotyping and prejudice in ways of being bias to one side than the other. Media stereotypes are inevitable especially in advertising, entertainment and news industries. Stereotypes are a signal or  clue that acts like a code that gives the audience an understanding of the person or a group. When you see things advertised on television it gives you a perception of what they are promoting. Thing that are viewed on television are our biggest influence. For example a child watches something violent on TV then goes to school and acts out in violence. This is a good example to show how much television and the media influences our society. The Media helps foster appreciation for diversity by promoting the differences between different identity groups. The media has a powerful influence on people’s attitudes and perceptions. The media encourages the tolerance of diversity constructing national identity. Prejudice is the attitude that rejects an entire group. People working together to eliminate prejudice and discrimination requires people to accept others. They would need to exploit the fear of being threatened and eliminate the need to blame others for their own failures. People should practice person-centered thinking which would allow them to overlook the differences with other identity group and accepting as equal. Practicing this will allow people to be able to work comfortably with others. The most influenced points are in education, ass media, intergroup contact and workplace training programs. If we can control what is being taught in school to prevent crime and reduce discrimination we could reduce the crime level due to racist acts. We could also be careful what is being presented on television which influences their viewers. I have always been familiar with the problems and issues that have been presented in this course. I have never had a problem working with other identity groups. Although I have had my own personal views to favoritism in the workplace and other industries I understand that diversity is mindful that racial and ethnic labels are just labels and no race is considered a pure race. People based their lives on what makes someone different from them. Plan on practicing more on finding what makes us alike rather than what makes us different.

Math Self-efficacy

Math Self-efficacy 1 Running head: SELF-EFFICACY AND STANDARDIZED TEST PERFORMANCE Accepted for publication in the Journal of Educational Psychology. This version may slightly differ from the published version. Does Math Self-efficacy Mediate the Effect of the Perceived Classroom Environment on Standardized Math Test Performance? Lisa A. Fast University of California, Riverside James Lewis University of California, Riverside Michael J. Bryant California Institute of the Arts Kathleen A. Bocian University of California, Riverside Richard A.Cardullo University of California, Riverside Michael Rettig University of California, Riverside Kimberly A. Hammond University of California, Riverside Math Self-efficacy 2 Abstract We examined the effect of the perceived classroom environment on math self-efficacy and the effect of math self-efficacy on standardized math test performance. Upper elementary school students (n = 1163) provided self-reports of their perceived math selfefficacy and the degree to which their math classroom environment was masteryoriented, challenging, and caring. Individual student scores on the California Standards Test for Mathematics were also collected.A series of two-level models revealed that students who perceived their classroom environments as more caring, challenging, and mastery-oriented had significantly higher levels of math efficacy, and higher levels of math efficacy positively predicted math performance. Analysis of the indirect effects of classroom variables on math performance indicated a small significant mediating effect of self-efficacy. Implications for research on self-efficacy and the perceived classroom environment are discussed. Math Self-efficacy 3 Does Math Self-efficacy Mediate the Effect of the Perceived Classroom Environment on Standardized Math Test Performance?In the current high-stakes testing environment, any attribute of a student that positively influences achievement is of interest. The degree to which a studen t believes that he/she is capable of performing specific tasks, referred to as self-efficacy, is particularly relevant given that self-efficacy has been argued to have powerful effects on achievement behavior (Bandura, 1986). Those with higher self-efficacy are proposed to have higher aspirations, stronger commitments to their goals, and recover more quickly from setbacks than those lower in self-efficacy. Beliefs in one’s efficacy can vary across academic subjects (e. . reading vs. writing) and self-efficacy for mathematics has received close attention. Students with higher math self-efficacy persist longer on difficult math problems and are more accurate in math computations than those lower in math self-efficacy (Collins, 1982; Hoffman & Schraw, 2009). Math self-efficacy is also a stronger predictor of math performance than either math anxiety or previous math experience (Pajares & Miller, 1994; Pajares & Miller, 1995, respectively) and influences math performance as stron gly as overall mental ability (Pajares & Kranzler, 1995).The demonstrated importance of self-efficacy in academic achievement has provoked widespread interest in specific factors that affect a student’s self-efficacy beliefs. Bandura’s (1997) social-cognitive theory proposed that self-efficacy is most strongly affected by one’s previous performance and research largely supports this (Chen & Zimmerman, 2007). His theory also suggests that self-efficacy is affected by observing others (e. g. watching peers succeed at a task), verbal persuasion (e. g. encouragement from parents and teachers), and interpretation of physiological states (e. g.Math Self-efficacy 4 lack of anxiety may be a signal that one possesses skills). Although several studies indicate that manipulating features of learning environments along these theoretical premises has immediate and detectable effects on self-efficacy (Schunk, 1982, 1983, 1984; Schunk & Hanson, 1985), it seems possible that st udents’ perceptions of their learning environments also affect their efficacy beliefs. Ames (1992) argued that learning environments may not provide a common experience for all students and that students’ subjective interpretations of their environment determine how they respond to it.For example, a teacher might be described by an objective observer as helpful, but if a student perceives him/her as unhelpful, then the perception of unhelpfulness will guide the students’ behavior more than the teachers’ actual helpfulness. Focusing on perceptions of the classroom environment is consistent with Bandura’s (1997) theory, which suggests that self-efficacy is influenced by how an individual interprets relevant information. For example, a student might interpret a perceived unhelpful teacher as evidence that he/she lacks ability.In the current study, we focus on three aspects of the perceived classroom environment that affect self-efficacy: Mastery-orien tation, Challenge, and Caring. The degree to which students perceive their classroom environment as one that encourages mastery versus performance goals has been prominently studied (Ames, 1992; Dweck, 1986; Maehr & Nicholls, 1980, respectively). Classrooms structured around mastery goals emphasize effort and the intrinsic value of learning; students who adopt mastery goals are more likely to believe that effort leads to success (Weiner, 1979) and display positive attitudes towards learning (Ames & Archer, 1988).In contrast, classrooms structured around performance goals emphasize ability and competition Math Self-efficacy 5 between peers; students who adopt performance goals are more likely to use shallow learning strategies (Meece et al. , 1988) and avoid challenging tasks (Dweck, 1986). Although both of these classroom goal structures theoretically influence the achievement goals that students adopt, only mastery goal structures are consistently related to selfefficacy.Several st udies have found that students who perceive their classroom environment as more mastery oriented have higher academic self-efficacy (Dorman, 2001; Friedel et al. , 2007; Middleton & Midgley, 1997), whereas performance oriented classrooms have been found to be unrelated, positively related, and negatively related to self-efficacy (Friedel et al. , 2007; Wolters et al. , 1996; Schunk, 1996, respectively). Studies using path analysis have also found that self-efficacy mediates the influence of mastery-oriented classrooms on performance (Bong, 2008; Greene, Miller, Crowson, Duke, & Akey, 2004).In particular, Wolters (2004) found that mastery goal structure had a significant positive effect on students’ math grades, but when math self-efficacy was included in the model, the effect of mastery structure on course grades became nonsignificant. The degree to which a classroom environment is perceived as challenging also influences self-efficacy. A challenging environment is one in whi ch students are provided with progressively difficult tasks as their proficiency increases. Vygotsky (1978) argued that challenge is essential for intellectual development and Grolnick et al. 2002) proposed that individuals are born with a need to test their abilities and master their environment. Accordingly, evidence indicates that students enjoy learning when tasks are challenging (Zahorik, 1996). Although challenge has been most prominently discussed as an important facilitator of intrinsic motivation (e. g. Malone & Lepper, Math Self-efficacy 6 1987), some researchers suggest that it also leads to stronger beliefs in one’s academic abilities (Meyer, Turner, & Spencer, 1997; Stipek, 2001).Participating in challenging activities allows students to notice their incremental improvement in a subject, which increases feelings of self-competence. In support of this, Gentry and Owen (2004) reported that middle and high school students who perceived their classroom as challenging were more likely to have higher academic self-efficacy. Similarly, Meyer, Turner, & Spencer (1997) found that fifth and sixth-grade students who were characterized as â€Å"challenge-seekers† had higher math self-efficacy, while students who were characterized as â€Å"challenge-avoiders’ had lower math self-efficacy.Finally, the degree to which students perceive their classroom as a caring environment also has an important influence on self-efficacy. In a caring classroom (also referred to as Teacher Involvement: Newman, 2002; Personalization: Frasier & Fisher, 1982), the teacher expresses personal interest in students, provides emotional support, and generally creates a comfortable atmosphere. Murdock and Miller (2003) suggest that students who perceive their teachers as caring are more likely to view themselves as academically capable and set higher educational goals for themselves.Positive relationships between students and teachers provide a critical development al resource for children; students are more likely to seek help when they need it and develop a wide range of competencies when they feel emotionally supported by their teachers (Crosnoe, Johnson, & Elder, 2004; Pianta, Hamre, & Stuhlman, 2003). Accordingly, evidence suggests that students who perceive their teachers as more caring have significantly higher academic self-efficacy (Murdock & Miller, 200; Patrick et al. , 2007). Pianta et al. (2008) also found that fifth-grade students had higher performance on math tests whenMath Self-efficacy 7 their classrooms were rated higher in emotional support. In addition, the effect of emotional support on math achievement was larger than the effect of quantity of math instruction. The authors noted that, â€Å"this is especially interesting because math is perhaps not a subject where teacher-student relations are as much a focus,† (Pianta et al. , 2008, p. 389). In summary, math self-efficacy appears to play an important role in math achievement and mediates the influence of mastery-oriented classroom environments on math achievement.Global academic self-efficacy also seems to be positively affected by caring and challenging classroom environments. However, several issues remain unclear. Little is known either about the influence of caring and challenging classroom environments specifically on math self-efficacy or whether math self-efficacy mediates the influence of challenging and caring classroom environments on math achievement. Further, virtually nothing is known about the relationships between math self-efficacy, perceived classroom environment, and achievement in the context of standardized math test performance.These are important gaps in the literature in light of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2002 that requires all students to take standardized math tests annually in grades 3 through 8 and once during high school. Scores on these tests are increasingly being used for â€Å"high-stakes† purposes that affect both students and teachers. According to the National Center for Fair and Open Testing (2007), standardized test scores of fourth, fifth, and sixth graders can be used for the following purposes in California: to place students into instructional groups (e. . remedial or special education programs), determine school eligibility for federal funding, make decisions about whether principals, Math Self-efficacy 8 teachers, and staff are offered continued employment, and determine whether or not teachers get bonuses. Several researchers have argued that the implementation of NCLB has led to a focus on testing and evaluation that permeates the school environment (Meece, Anderman, & Anderman, 2006; Ryan et al. , 2007). It is important to examine how student motivation (e. g. elf-efficacy) and classroom environments are related to one another in this legislated performance-oriented environment. In the current study, we predicted that math self-efficacy mediates the inf luence the perceived of classroom environment on standardized math test performance (Figure 1). Specifically, we predict that students’ perceptions of the degree to which their classroom environment is mastery-oriented, challenging, and caring has a direct and positive influence on math self-efficacy, and math self-efficacy has a direct and positive effect on student performance on standardized math tests.Each of these three aspects of the classroom environment will positively affect self-efficacy for the following reasons. Mastery-orientation will have a positive influence on math self-efficacy because environments that encourage students to take pride in their effort and value learning for its own sake, rather than simply emphasize the importance of good grades, will allow students to feel more confident in their ability.Challenge will also be associated with higher math self-efficacy because being afforded the opportunity to progressively master tasks that are slightly bey ond one’s current capacity allows a student to observe his/her own progress and gradually increase beliefs in his/her ability. Finally, caring will have a positive influence on math self-efficacy because Bandura (1993) argued that affective processes affect self-efficacy. In particular, environments that arouse anxiety and other negative emotions have a negative affect on efficacy beliefs (Usher, 2009).We Math Self-efficacy 9 hypothesize that environments in which teachers take a personal interest in and emotionally support students are less likely to arouse negative emotions than environments in which teachers are impersonal and emotionally disconnected, and therefore caring environments will positively affect self-efficacy. Methods Participants The 1,163 participants in our study were fourth, fifth, and sixth graders who attended elementary school in an inland southern California suburban school district during the 2005-06 and 2006-07 academic years.The schools were located in low to middle income neighborhoods, with 59% (n = 682) of our participants receiving free and/or reduced lunch. Participants came from 88 separate classrooms. The mean cluster size was 13. 22 (SD = 5. 95) and ranged from 2 to 25 students per classroom. The majority of our sample consisted of Latino/a (62%) and Caucasian (31%) students and other ethnic groups included African American (4%), Asian (1%), Pacific Islander (

Oxford City Council Research Proposal Essay

Oxford City Council (OCC) provides a range of recycling services, including kerbside collection services and recycling sites where residents can deposit items for recycling. Such schemes enable OCC to recycle approaching 40% of Oxford household waste currently. However, the UK government want to establish a recycling culture and continue to set increasing targets for household recycling, with an aim of reaching 50% by 2020. Following a recent (DEFRA) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs initiative to allow the use of financial incentives for household waste minimisation and recycling, OCC is considering the introduction of a pilot scheme in selected postcodes areas. This would involve the introduction of bins fitted with microchips to monitor how much recycling and other waste a household produces, leading to refunds from local taxation bills for a good recycling performance or additional charges for a poor recycling performance. OCC is keen to understand likely reactions of residents to such a scheme and the overall impact that this might have on household recycling rates. OCC has invited the marketing research agency, Research Solutions to provide a proposal for marketing research to inform decision making. What is the research objective? A research objective is basically the main objective of the research i. e. the purpose of carrying out the research forms the research objective. The research objective is basically formed on the basis of the background of the research that is being conducted. (Creswell 2008). In this case, the main issue is recycling. This is due to the increasing population in the UK due to which the wastes have been increasing with a higher percentage. However, it is not a wise idea to leave the wastes just like that and it would be a very good option to recycle the waste so that it can be utilized again as the resources we own in the world today are limited but the demands of the people are unlimited. Therefore, it is always a good idea to save as much as possible so that we can save our future generations from suffering. The research objective of this research is that the UK government wants to establish a recycling culture and continue to set increasing targets for household recycling, with an aim of reaching 50% by 2020 in order to improve the previous targets. Previously, Oxford City Council provided a range of recycling services, including kerbside collection services and recycling sites where residents could deposit items for recycling and this enabled Oxford City Council to reduce the household waste by 40%. The idea now is to increase this percentage by 10% and to make it 50%. Problem Statement Before the research team assigned to solve the problem starts their job, a problem statement needs to be defined and to be presented to them and the problem statement should answer three main questions i. e. to define the problem and the reason why the team is required to solve this problem, the client who needs a solution to the problem and the scope as well as the limitations of the problem in terms of various issues such as time, money and other resources. Moreover, it is also important for the problem statement to address all the W’s i. e. to answer what, how, where, when, why, and who. (Denzin & Lincoln 2005). Referring to this case, due to the increasing need of recycling, the government of UK plans to increase recycling of the household wastes to 50% by 2020 i. e. an increase by 10% from today. This aim has been defined basically to serve the households and to meet their demand of recycling household wastes; however there are certain limitations that are coming in the way to meet this requirement of the government of UK. In order to solve this problem, we, a research team from a marketing research agency, Research Solutions has been assigned to work out and to know the likely reactions of residents to such a scheme and the overall impact that this might have on household recycling rates. For this purpose, What methods will be used? Following a recent (DEFRA) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs initiative to allow the use of financial incentives for household waste minimisation and recycling, OCC is considering the introduction of a pilot scheme in selected postcodes areas. This would involve the introduction of bins fitted with microchips to monitor how much recycling and other waste a household produces, however this will involve a certain cost as Oxford City Council will have to make refunds from local taxation bills for a good recycling performance or to pay additional charges for a poor recycling performance. (Patton 2002). We will use both primary as well as secondary data to conduct our research as well as both qualitative and quantitative data. Once we have gathered the secondary data, we will then seek for primary data for which we will prepare a set of 200 questionnaires. The questionnaire, we have planed will consist of around 20 open and close ended questions. We will get these questionnaires filled and will also interview people in Oxford from different age groups especially the women as the issue is basically related to household recycling so the housewives would be the best option to interview. Data analysis The process of gathering, modeling and transforming data aiming to make the important information prominent, to suggest conclusions as well as to support the decision making is called data analysis. There are various approaches and techniques that can be used for this purpose under different domains. (Spatz & Kardas 2007). As Oxford City Council has been asked to increase recycling of household wastes by 10%, they now have to plan everything to achieve this goal but for this it is essential for the Oxford City Council to collect all the important information and to transform it. Therefore, to understand the likely reactions of residents to such a scheme and the overall impact that this might have on household recycling rates. A time schedule The government of UK wants the goal of an increase in the recycling of household wastes to be achieved by an increase of 10% by 2020 and this gives Oxford City Council more than a decade to achieve this aim. The Oxford City Council should plan out seriously and work on the aim that is to be met but before finally starting the work, it is always essential to conduct research in order to know whether the plans they have made will be successful of not and also to know the reaction of the people in the UK after the introduction of the pilot scheme in selected postcodes areas and before the plan can be executed, marketing research will be conducted whose timing is mentioned below. (Pan 2004). The time schedule will not just provide a timeframe but it will also help us meet the deadlines. As we have been assigned one month to conduct this research, we have accordingly divided the time to meet our goals in an efficient manner. In the first week, we plan to conduct desk research followed by qualitative fieldwork in the second week as well as to prepare a qualitative desk research report. On the first day of the third week, we aim to prepare questionnaires that will follow the quantitative stage, coding and data preparation. In the fourth week, that is also the last week, we will do the analysis, prepare a presentation and on the last day we will present a final report. Bibliography: Creswell, J. W. (2008). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 3rd edn. Sage Publications. Denzin, N. K. , & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. 3rd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pan, M. L. (2004). Preparing literature reviews: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. 2nd edn. Los Angeles: Pyrezak. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Spatz,C. & Kardas,E. P. (2007). Research Methods in Psychology: Ideas, Techniques, and Reports. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, Hardcover.

A mobile application tool, which uses persuasive design to encourage Essay

A mobile application tool, which uses persuasive design to encourage young adults to make healthier food alternatives - Essay Example Then the results from the theoretical user requirements with the practical user requirements are collated to gain a list of specific user requirements. A meeting was organized with the head of Villiers High School’s Sixth Form. A presentation of the data was initiated. In this case, a quick overview of the project was explained. Again, the involvement of each student was explained. After this was done, students received an email from their head to inform them of a study taking place. The email notification explains to the students how it would be a great opportunity for them to get involved, given the limited number of students required for the study (Babbie, 2010). The study only required twenty students to act as the respondents. Having received a high level of interest from the students, the head of Villiers High School 6th Form granted them permission. The project overview was structured to be presented at the sixth formers’ assembly on Monday, the 17th day of November 2012. Having been allowed to visit the school, there has been the case of walking in sessions. In this case, students have the freedom to ask the researcher any questions regarding their involvement. Visiting the students within their playground has also been a good way of gaining their participation interest. I could also gain their interests by visiting them in the classes and their scheduled walk. These scheduled walks are usually in sessions, which take place on Thursdays and Fridays, and specifically during lunchtime. In such cases, open discussions and one-to-one sessions about the project are conferred. From such efforts, it was possible to recruit up to 20 students from which I was able to start the project. A team of 20 students was perfect for the project. These 20 students were informed everything to do with their roles. They were issued with conse nt forms after which they were explained about their involvement rights.

Film Analysis and Breakdown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Analysis and Breakdown - Essay Example The long shots zoom in and out of the various people in the clip, enabling the viewer to see their facial features and the emotions that they exhibit. Shot 3: Sound: The soundtrack was infamous Jazz music common to the New Orleans area, with no talking, to contrast the irony between the Big Easy of old, and the reality of the destruction facing the area today. Shot 4: Image: The Depth of Field was quite wide as the director was trying to capsulate the mood of the time and the breadth of emotion that the film was designed to attract. The camera angle casts a wide panoramic view of the destruction left in the aftermath of the hurricane. Images are quite horrific as we see the sheer volume of water the descending upon the region. Shot 5: Sound: There was no narration in this shot; rather, only music was employed as a means to draw in the viewer to the message of the film. The music depicts the heart and sole of the region, while the images in this shot cast a different tone. Shot 6: Ima ge: Finally, in this shot, we notice a diegetic sound as we are left with a vision of what the destruction must have felt like and the voices of the people as they realized what had become of their lives. Part Two: Individual Analysis When the Levees Broke is a documentary film developed to contrast the two images we have of the Gulf region. On the one had, we have an area that is fun-loving and associated with a party type atmosphere. Gaining the nickname ‘The Big Easy’, we have visions of Jazz music, racial diversity, coupled with racial divisions. This understanding is contrasted with the destruction experienced during Hurricane Katrina, the feeling of despair and neglect that was felt, and the seemingly hopeless feeling that the people had and continue to have to this day. This emotion is all bought out in the very first sequence of the film. The sequence I chose is the very opening footage of the movie. I chose this sequence because the message portrayed in the ope ning six shots contains the heart and the purpose behind the documentary. The filming is a spectacular mix of close up and panoramic shots that encapsulate life before and after the Hurricane. No shot is wasted during the opening sequence, as the view is taken on a journey through two different time periods. Documentaries are often designed to elicit emotion and to tell a story. This opening sequence certainly accomplishes this aim. In shots one and two, while there is nothing spoken, the music tells the story. There are great editing features employed here that cut between the massive flooding that occurred when the levees broke, yet we are then cut back to an earlier time when the area was beautiful and life was good. Shots three through five employ an editing technique that provides us with a comparison and contrast that make the film effective in communicating its intended message. The camera in these shots cut to close ups of people in various states. After the hurricane, the i mages are horrific and the viewer can feel the pain. During the cuts to an earlier time, that is contrasted with images of excitement and a better time. These shots give us a picture of the before and after of the Gulf Region and set the tone for the rest of the film. The music itself appears to be carefully chosen as well. Rather than shifting its message and tone, the jazz played during the opening sequence is a consistent representation and reminder of what the Gulf Region was, and hopes to once again become.

Wrold history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wrold history - Assignment Example The three topics that will guide the discussion on philosophy around the world include China, Ancient Greece, and Africa (and African Sage Philosophy). In terms of development, Chinese philosophy emerged from what scholars have called the Hundred Schools of Thought. It is a framework of thought and ideas that was characterized by both cultural and intellectual changes in different spheres of Chinese life. Consequently, in order to assist in the ease of understanding, the Schools of Thought were subdivided into Daoism, Confucianism, Legalism, and Naturalists among others. Contrastingly, for the Ancient Greece through its subdivisions of Pre-Socratic, Socratic, and Post-Socratic phases; concern with aspects of mathematics, ontology, and cosmology remain dominant. It is a scenario almost similar to the development of philosophy in Africa particularly in the belief of gods and spirits as medium of communication with ordinary human beings (Wiredu 134). Therefore, the inclusion of the Afri can Sage connote the important of traditions as often seen West Africa to explain various cosmologies such as those of Dahomey, Dogon, and Akan. It means the development of the aforementioned philosophies have had significant impact upon their individual societies; effects still today. The Chinese philosophy, for instance, has doctrines such as Dao (the Way, or one’s doctrine), Qi (material force or vital energy), and Li (principle) among others. These doctrines are applicable in Chinese life to help in differentiating between masculine and feminine roles. Alternatively, there is also the idea of relating man and nature from the perspective of monotheistic deity. It is replicated in Ancient Greece philosophy in regards to influencing contemporary thought that helped in shaping disciplines namely Literature, Philosophy, and Psychology (Preus

Questions and Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Questions and Answers - Essay Example The advent of lift-the-flap books has created a new generation of stories told in a format that integrates the awe inspired by imagination that can only be best achieved through ingenious writing and the visual stimulation that is brought by tangible images before a child’s very eyes. This type of children’s books more than qualifies as a run-of-the-mill bedtime story. It is meant to capture the attention of the reader through active role play. Smith provides for a great analogy that she has associated with lift-the-flap books as inspired by Jane Austen. The feeling of the reader that she attributed to the scene with Catherine instigates awkwardness that is simultaneous with a deep sense of desire to peek through (2001, p.225). Children are necessarily curious beings who have the propensity to want to know what’s next or who is it or what is that. It is by nature that anyone during their childhood had the desire to satisfy their curiosity in almost all circumstances. Lift-the-flap books have capitalized on this fundamental aspect that characterizes their core readers. Instead of the mere act of reading words juxtaposed with pictures, flap books build up on the notion of the unknown and the idea of something foreign albeit exciting inside that rouses the senses. This is arguably the same feeling that any child, or adult for that matter, would have over a present during Christmas day. There is an interactive sense of involvement between the book and the reader where, being more than a passive part of the activity, one gets to decide when and how he will enjoy himself in the process. There is an invitation that motivates the inquisitive mind of the young reader to explore and determine on his own terms. This reminds of the famous psychological marshmallow experiment where children would be promised to be given a reward if they will not eat the marshmallow for a

Aerated Concrete Industries, Co Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aerated Concrete Industries, Co - Case Study Example The chosen business organization is Aerated Concrete Industries, Co. which is engaged in the core business of production and manufacturing of light weight blocs and reinforced slabs.On the other hand, ACICO's subsidiaries are into contracting/construction, real estate development and/or investment and engineering consultant office. Because of the diversity of its business units, ACICO employs a corporate strategy centered on cost leadership.ACICO employs the expertise of its multiple sub-units in order to efficiently manage costs and enhance its expertise. It should be noted that there is a strong coordination among ACICO's business units which enable it to build skeleton houses in a relatively short period of three days. After purchasing land, the investment in real estate moves to develop the property. The engineering office processes the necessary permits and creates the design. Afterwards, the contracting unit takes over to begin and finish the construction. It can be seen that a ll the processes in real estate development and construction are all undertaken in-house. In fact, ACICO's competitive advantage is its capacity to undertake every process in the value chain efficiently enabling it to develop high quality housing at lower costs than competitors.Being engaged in a highly capital intensive business operation, ACICO profits through economies of scale. Its multiple sub-units enable it to spread its expenditures in advertisement and administration in order to minimize unit production cost. The company has also developed expertise in different each value chain process allowing it to create high quality products and provide excellent services. The three main strategies discussed above consistently diversify risks and keep consistent cash flow by generating income from different sources as well as financial engineering. 2. Translate the Strategies Identified into Strategic Tasks The broad strategies mentioned above are efficiently carried out by ACICO through its operations. Intensive growth is expected to be achieved by exploring suitable opportunities with aim to expand by enlarging the scale of operations of its existing business operations. Through diligent implementation of this intensive growth strategy, ACICO becomes successful in entering the Dubai, Saudi Arabian, Qatar markets with its Autoclaved Aerated Concrete plants and is currently working to penetrate the market and improve its market share by forging alliance with renowned local partners possessing who are proven market influences and share good local standing. This enables it to attain its objective of increasing shareholder wealth by expanding in core knowledgeable business. Integrative growth is undertaken through the implementation of backward, forward, and horizontal integration within the construction and real estate industry. Management intends exploiting the opportunities offered throughout this industry's value chain, which ultimately slows greater operating flexibility, reduces reliance on third party providers, deliver quality client service and offer competitive products to customers. This serves ACICO's objective of maximizing shareholder wealth by operating in all spheres of the construction and real estate value chain. The implementation of diversification growth strategy is intended to multiply growth prospects by focusing on profitable business ventures outside its core businesses. ACICO does this through a detailed mapping of the market prior to any decision to venture and is considered

Current Technologies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Current Technologies - Research Paper Example In fact, in order to learn strategies and development techniques for mobile web development we would not need to learn something new. However, we will need to look at website design in an innovative way, one that is definitely more limiting as compared to the design of normal website browsers. In addition, to deal with this kind of issues that occur in mobile website design, and to get results that are as helpful and user-friendly as our normal website, a number of innovative problem-solving skills are necessary (Chapman, 2010; Cameronmoll, 2008; Smashing Editorial, 2012). Moreover, both the mobile web development and desktop web development appear to be a little bit different areas however the technology, skills and development ideas required for these both areas of development appear to be similar. This report outlines the similarities and differences between these two types of web development. This report will discuss these areas with respect to a number of factors. Type of users A survey on a mobile technology usage showed that the mobile users till 2009 have increased to 3 billion all through the world. Without a doubt, the Internet usage on mobile devices is gradually rising. Additionally, these days we can see a number of types of users who use different kinds of mobile devices. In addition, in the majority of mobile internet users we see people who are interested in social networks, news feeds and entertainment. On the other hand, desktop web users are a little bit higher. Also, these users can be of any age and any gender. In this scenario, they use desktop web systems for carrying out a wide variety of tasks (Chapman, 2010; Cameronmoll, 2008; Smashing Editorial, 2012). User environment The mobile web environment is extremely aligned to content, context, and component specific atmosphere. Alternatively, access to web based data and contents on a mobile device is mostly affected by surrounding circumstances, or simply the informational significance of t he job that we currently have, and the future potential of the systems being utilized. As compared to the desktop web experience, where we have a widescreen space, we also have much higher speed of web access that is much more reliable. The data input into desktop web systems is also very fast due to the usage of mouse and keyboard. On the other hand, the mobile web usage is frequently limited to a small mobile screen, one-handed experience and irregular interaction. In addition, it can be significantly assessed that desktop web systems and mobile web systems are very much different in user environments. Moreover, the mobile web systems are restricted and slow while desktop systems are much wider and reliable systems (Chapman, 2010; Cameronmoll, 2008; Smashing Editorial, 2012). Screen sizes Some of the common resolutions for standard cell phones comprise 101? 80 pixels to 320?480 pixel screen. In other words, this screen size of mobile web development is very limited. Hence, we have to put all information and data in this limited area. On the other hand, the desktop web development provides very much freedom while designing these systems. In addition, mobile web creates need to put a lot of effort to design systems in a way that they can offer a great deal of user support and capability for placement of information in

For Poorer and For Poorer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For Poorer and For Poorer - Essay Example As an initial matter, it must be noted that changing economic conditions do seem to affect both work roles and family roles in relationships. As noted by Hansen, in general terms, the changed economic conditions have resulted in "more fighting, postponed weddings, and less sex" (2003: np). The most immediate effect is the postponement of weddings. Rather than pursuing traditional roles as husband and wife, because of the large expenses associated with formal weddings, couples are delaying marriage while awaiting better economic times. In addition, young couples are hesitant to have children when they are unable to take care of themselves adequately. The family roles are consequently replaced by a more permanent boyfriend-girlfriend role and the relationships assume a less secure status. There is less romance, less self-esteem, and less sex. In addition to the alteration of family roles, there have also been alterations of traditional work roles. Couples are confronted with periods of unemployment and underemployment. Some people have admitted to removing advanced academic degrees in an effort to find jobs for which they are overqualified. In sum, the recent economic instability has affected both family roles and work roles in negative ways. In addition, a comparison of the idealism of the 1990s with the current period of economic instability highlights the very real financial pressures that young couples are experiencing.

Week one CYB 634 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week one CYB 634 - Assignment Example This causes unfairness to participants. This can be, however, managed through proper competition rules and ethics so as to make it of value to participate. Valuable competition should include the following: fairness in that everyone is treated the same and those who win should win fairly. Any educational competition should add knowledge to learners and also test the right question of a particular level of education. Transparency is key to any competition where grading and procedure for marking are known and used in the marking process. Transparency calls for check and balance where the result should be reviewed and independent external examiner to ascertain their correctness. There should also be a way to detect cheating and a punishment proposed to it. So as to deter those who are conspiring to cheat on the tests. Cyber competition should include the following event, post analysis tests this where those who have undergone a particular test can be evaluated after some time, e.g. two years to determine if their skills are up to date with current market demand so as to give them a chance of

Aims and Objectives for a Selected Business Essay Example for Free

Aims and Objectives for a Selected Business Essay †¢Describe what is meant by SMART objectives. An objective that follows SMART is more likely to succeed because it is clear (specific) so you know exactly what needs to be achieved. You can tell when it has been achieved (measurable) because you have a way to measure completion. A SMART objective is likely to happen because it is an event that is achievable. Before setting a SMART objective relevant factors such as resources and time were taken into account to ensure that it is realistic. Finally the timescale element provides a deadline which helps people focus on the tasks required to achieve the objective. The timescale element stops people postponing task completion. †¢Choose a business and describe its aim and 3 SMART objectives for how they can achieve their aim. TESCO: oTesco want to be able to keep their carbon emissions down by making new buildings, they also want to make their business objects which have to follow this method Specific this means that the business can make some specific objectives that the business wants to achieve, so if they want to hit a certain target of profit within a year they have to make a business plan or model to follow to achieve their goal. oMeasurable this means that if a business wants to make some money, they can measure it in a certain amount of time, so if a business can make  £1000 pound in a month, then maybe next month they could forecast making an increase of that amount by studying the business activities throughout that month. Achievable this means that a goal that the business can achieve with in a time period, so if a business wants to make  £1000 pound of profit in a month, then they could make it happen with the products that they might have to sell. oRealistic this means that a business has to make realistic goals which that they can achieve, so things like making  £1,500 pounds in a week, this is a realistic goal because it could be made depending on the sales in the that week. oTime related this means that each objective is set with in certain time, so it is like a dead line, if a business sets out to make and sell 5 computers in two weeks, then they now have time to create the product and then sell it within the time set.

Relationship Between Meat Intake and Breast Cancer Risks

Relationship Between Meat Intake and Breast Cancer Risks COOKED MEAT INTAKE AND THE RISK OF BREAST CANCER M. MOGA*, I. MANITIU, N. BIGIU Abstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are carcinogens formed in or on the surface of well-done meat, cooked at high temperature. The aim of this analysis was to assess the risk of breast cancer related to the intake of cooked meat. The data support the accumulating evidence that consumption of meats cooked by methods that promote carcinogen formation may increase risk of breast cancer. Keywords', breast cancer, cooked meat, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, carcinogens. AIMS AND BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in developed countries. Foods and food groups that have individually shown potentially important associations with breast cancer risk include alcohol, fruit and vegetables, fat, red meat, sugar, low-fat dairy products, fish, and tea. Red meat intake has been hypothesised to increase breast cancer risk. Both case-control1 and ecologic2 studies have supported a positive association, and an expert panel described red meat intake as a possible cause of breast cancer3. Cumulative evidence suggests a possible interaction of cooking methods with diet in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Meats cooked to well-done at high temperatures contain heterocyclic amines (HCAs), such as 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-/]quinoxaline (DiMelQx). 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-/]qumoxaline(MeIQx), and2-amino-l-methyl- 6-phenylimidazo[4,5-6]pyridine (PhIP) (Ref. 4). The amounts of these compounds vary according to cooking technique, temperature, cooking time, and type of meat5. Experimental evidence over more than two decades has led to the proposal that heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) may be causal factors in human breast cancer. HAAs are formed as a result of cooking meat for long durations by common high temperature methods such as barbecuing, grilling and pan frying. Mammary carcinogenesis has been demonstrated as a 'cell proliferation'mode! in which hormones, such as estrogens, both induce and promote mammary tumors ' For correspondence. increasing mammary cell division6. It is plausible that cells during division are re susceptible to carcinogenic stimulus, or hormones trigger the progression of rumor cells initiated by carcinogens. After menopause, adipose tissue is the r site for estrogen synthesis, and women with a high body mass index (BMI) e an elevated level of endogenous estrogens7. Therefore, it is possible that (estrogens and estrogen-related factors, such as BMI, may modify the association kxween intake of carcinogens from foods cooked at high temperature and breast ceicer risk. Adolescence may be a period of increased susceptibility to breast cancer due x regular division of undifferentiated cells that occurs between puberty and first tarth. Red meat consumption during early adult life has been associated with breast ^ncer risk. EXPERIMENTAL Experimental evidence over more than two decades has led to the proposal that ie:erocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) may be causal factors in human breast can- csr. HAAs are formed as a result of cooking meat for long durations by common temperature methods such as barbecuing, grilling and pan frying. Several epidemiological studies have revealed an increasedrisk of breast cancer associated ~ high meat intake8-11. Evidence from some recent epidemiological studies has suggested that intake ;: well-done meat and concomitant mammary carcinogens may be associated with i substantially elevated risk of breast cancer9-12. Similar to grilling and pan-frying, deep-frying, although rarely studied previ- : usly, is a high temperature (typically 240-270 °C) cooking method and may also result in the production of many chemicals, including heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons13. In addition to volatile mutagenic compounds, nonvolatile detrimental products, such as hydroperoxides, trans fatty acids, and aldehydes can be detected in deep-fried soybean oil. Deep-frying cooking is one : f the most common cooking methods in China and many other countries. Q. Dai, X. Shu14 evaluated the association of animal food intake and degree of browning by deep-frying with breast cancer risk in a population-based case- :ontrol study conducted during 1996-1998 among Chinese women in Shanghai, a population with a traditionally low risk of breast cancer. The study suggests that high intake of deep-fried, well-done red meat may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and the positive association may be modifiedby body weight. The same study also suggests that nonhydrogenated soybean oil, if not used in high- temperature cooking, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. The preponderance of evidence from animal and human studies has substantiated a causal relationship between postmenopausal estrogen levels and the risk of breast cancer15-17. Mammary carcinogenesis has been demonstrated as a 'cell proliferation'model in which hormones, such as estrogens, both induce and promote mammary tumors by increasing mammary cell division6. It is plausible that cells during division are more susceptible to carcinogenic stimulus, or hormones trigger the progression of the tumor cells initiated by carcinogens. After menopause, adipose tissue is the major site for estrogen synthesis, and women with a high BMI have an elevated level of endogenous estrogens7. Therefore, it is possible that estrogens and estrogen-related factors, such as BMI, may modify the association between intake of carcinogens from foods cooked at high temperature and breast cancer risk. One previous case-control study conducted in Uruguay found a stronger positive association of breast cancer risk with fried meat than with broiled meat9. Oil temperature is normally at approximately 240-270 °C when used for deep-fried cooking. It has been reported that deep-fried cooking oil not only produces fumes containing mutagenic compounds, such as 1,3-butadiene, benzene, acrolein, and formaldehyde18, but also generates nonvolatile hazardous compounds, such as hydroperoxides, trans fatty acids, and aldehydes19. Both hydroperoxides and aldehydes are endogenous reactive chemicals and have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential20. Other factors related to insulin resistance, such as high insulin, C-peptide, and insulin-like growth factor-1, and low physical activity have also Ijeen shown to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in several studies21-23. It is plausible that high levels of insulin and estrogens may stimulate the transformation of breast cancer cells initiated by carcinogens from well-done meats and heated cooking oils23 and, therefore, promote the development of breast cancer. Several recent epidemiological studies have suggested that trans fatty acids may be a risk factor for breast cancer24. Steck and Gaudet25 estimated breast cancer risk in relation to intake of cooked meat in a population-based, case-control study (1508 cases and 1556 controls) conducted in Long Island, NY from 1996 to 1997. Modest increased risk was observed among postmenopausal women consuming the most grilled or barbecued and smoked meats over the life course (OR = 1.47; CI = 1.12-1.92 for highest versus lowest fertile of intake). Postmenopausal women with low fruit and vegetable intake, but high lifetime intake of grilled or barbecued and smoked meats, had a higher OR of 1.74 (CI = 1.20-2.50) and the results support the accumulating evidence that consumption of meats cooked by methods that promote carcinogen formation may increase risk of postmenopausal breast cance25. Rohrmann26 conducted a study to examine the association of the consumption of meat in general, meat prepared by different cooking methods and the dietary intake of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA) with the level of DNA adducts in  ±e breast tissue of women undergoing reduction mammoplasty. They observed strong correlations of dietary HCA intake and consumption of fried and processed neat with DNA adduct levels in breast tissue of 44 women. De Stefani and Ronco27 studied the effects of meat intake, including heterocyclic amine exposure, on the risk of breast cancer. They conducted a hospital-based case-control study involving 352 patients with breast cancer and 382 controls. A strong effect of red meat, total meat, beef, fried meat, and heterocyclic amine exposure was found, after controlling for potential confounders. The odds ratio for the highest quartile of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-/|quinoline exposure was 3.34 (95% confidence interval 1.85-6.02). According to these results, meat intake and chemicals formed during the cooking process appear to be strong risk factors _n human breast carcinogenesis. Heterocyclic amines found in well-done meat require host-mediated metabolic activation before initiating DNA mutations and tumors in target organs. Polymorphic N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) catalyses the activation of heterocyclic amines via O-acetylation, suggesting that NAT2 genotypes with high O-acetyltransferase activity (rapid/intermediate acetylator phenotype) increase the risk of breast cancer n women who consume well-done meat. To test this hypothesis, Deitz and Zheng28 o btained DNA samples and information on diet and other breast cancer risk factors from a nested case-control study of postmenopausal women. A significant dose- response relationship was observed between breast cancer risk and consumption : J well-done meat among women with the rapid/intermediate NAT2 genotype trend test, P = 0.003) that was not evident among women with the slow acetylator genotype (trend test, P = 0.22). Among women with the rapid/intermediate NAT2 genotype, consumption of well-done meat was a ssociated with a nearly >-fold (odds ratio, 7.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-50.4) elevated breast cancer risk compared with those consuming rare or medium-done meats. These results are consistent with a role for O-acetylation in the activation of heterocyclic amine carcinogens and support the hypothesis that the NAT2 acetylation polymorphism is a breast cancer risk factor among postmenopausal women with high levels of heterocyclic amine exposure. Also other studies have suggested that the rapid NAT2 acetylator phenotype is associated with breast cancer risk2930 or advanced disease at first presentation. Many heterocyclic amines are mammary carcinogens, and, a recent study31 found that another N-acetyltransferase polymorphism (NATlj was associated with breast cancer risk in individuals who consumed consistently well-done meat. To test the hypothesis that variations in the NAT1 gene are related to breast cancer risk, particularly among women who consume high levels of well-done meat, a nested case-control study was conducted by Zheng and Deitz32 in a prospective cohort study of 41 837 postmenopausal Iowa women. Genomic DNA samples obtained from 154 cases and 330 controls were assayed for 11 NAT1 alleles. The NAT 1*4 allele was the predominant allele observed in this study population, accounting for 73.2% (72.4% in cases versus 73.8% in controls) of the total alleles analysed. Compared to controls, breast cancer cases had a slightly higher frequency of the NATl*10allele (18.8% in cases versus 17.3% in controls) and a substantially higher frequency of the N ATI *11 allele (3.6% versus 1.2%). In multivariate analyses, they found a 30% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.8-1.9) elevated risk of breast cancer associated with the NAT1 * 10 allele and a nearly 4-fold (95% CI = 1.5-10.5) elevated risk associated with the NAT 1*11 allele. The positive association of breast cancer with the NAT 1*11 allele was more evident among those who consumed a high level of red meat (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 1.1-33.2) or consistently consumed their red meatwell done (OR = 5.6, 95% CI = 0.5-62.7). It has been shown that the O-acetylation of 2-amino-1 -methyl-6-phenylimida- zo[4,5b]pyridine and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-(4,5-/)quinoline, two of the most abundant heterocyclic amines in well-done meat, is largely carried out by NAT1 in human mammary glands33. Linos and Willett34 aimed to assess the relationship between red meat intake during adolescence and premenopausal breast cancer. They examined the incidence of invasive premenopausal breast cancer prospectively within the Nurses Health Study II. A total of 39 268 premenopausal women who completed a validated 124-item food frequency questionnaire on their diet during high school, were followed for 7 years, from 1998 to 2005. 455 cases of invasive premenopausal breast cancer were diagnosed between 1998 and 2005. Compared with women in the lowest quintile of red meat intake during high school, the multivariate-adjusted RR for the highest quintile of intake was 1.34 (95% CI, 0.94-1.89; Ptieni = 0.05). A significant linear association was observed with every additional 100 g of red meat consumed per day (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.00-1.43; P = 0.05). This association was more pronounced in hormone receptor-positive tumors (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.08-1.70; P = 0.008) and was not significant in hormon e receptor-negative tumors (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.61-1.61,/> = 0.97). Several biological mechanisms may explain the positive association between red meat intake and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer risk. Because hormonal risk factors are more strongly related to hormone receptor-positive cancers, meat intake may operate through hormonal pathways. First, cooked or processed red meat is a source of carcinogens, such as heterocyclic amines. Second, exogenous hormone treatment of beef cattle for growth promotion, which is banned in European countries but not in the United States, has been of concern. Third, red meat is a source of heme iron, a highly bioavailable form of iron and a major source of stored body iron, which has been shown to synthesis and secretion of PRL in those cells. Together with previous reports that describe the potent estrogenicity of PhlPand its ability to influence progesterone receptor expression, c-Myc expression, and MAPK signal transduction pathway, the present findings provide clues about the mechanisms involved in the tissue-specific carcinogenicity of PhIP and, in particular, mammary carcinogenesis39. DISCUSSION Consumption of PhIP may play a role in the development of breast cancer. Experimental evidence over more than two decades has led to the proposal that heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) may be causal factors in human breast cancer. High intake of deep-fried, well-done red meat may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and the positive association may be modified by body weight. There is also evidence that nonhydrogenated soybean oil, if not used in high- temperature cooking, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. The data support the accumulating evidence that consumption of meats cooked by methods that promote carcinogen formation may increase risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. There is an association between the consumption of meat in general, meat prepared by different cooking methods and the dietary intake of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA) with the level of DNA adducts in the breast tissue. Meat intake and chemicals formed during the cooking process appear to be strong risk factors in human breast carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The results of the studies presented are consistent with a role for O-acetylation in the activation of heterocyclic amine carcinogens and support the hypothesis that the NAT2 acetylation polymorphism is a breast cancer risk factor among postmenopausal women with high levels of heterocyclic amine exposure. There is also evidence suggesting that postmenopausal women with the NAT1*11 allele (aNATl allele) may be at increased risk of breast cancer, particularly if they smoked cigarettes or consumed a high level of well-done meat indicating the importance of the NAT1 enzyme in the in situ activation of heterocyclic amines in human breast epithelial cells, and point to the need in future studies to investigate potential interactions of genetic factors with intake of foods, food constituents, and nutrients in the etiology of cancer. Higher red meat intake in adolescence may increase the risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Red meat intake was strongly associated with an elevated risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer but not hormone receptor-negative cancers. Postmenopausal women who are homozygous for the His allele at codon 213 of the SULT1A1 gene may be at an increased risk of breast cancer, particularly'if they have risk factors related to higher endogenous estrogen exposure. 1

Perception Of Homosexual In Society

Perception Of Homosexual In Society We had know that the homosexual simply mean a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex. Nowadays, homosexuality had influenced in society but it is still in discussing, the society either accepts this behavior or not. Some of the society said that homosexuality is unhealthy and immoral behaviour which will give negative impact towards individuals, families and societies. Therefore, some argument had been made to the homosexuality. Arguments against homosexuality Most of the society had argued that homosexuality is harmful towards societies. This argument seems to be common, but has no clear meaning. Most of the society just knows that homosexuality is referring to the sexual orientation but it may also not. If homosexuality is referring to sexual orientation, then its harmfulness is depends on the act performance in homosexuality. Homosexuality itself does not have any harmful in any sense, but if the performance of act which is harmful is included in homosexuality, then it is. But there is still a contradiction, the statement above had claimed that harmful towards society but the act in homosexuality is just harmful for individuals or small group of people. Therefore, this statement shows that society had argued about homosexuality without fully understanding. A unique argument against homosexuality, Homosexuals do not reproduce and this lead to a threat to the survival of society, also said among the societies. This statement has clearly showed that homosexuality is not good in society, but it may be a good way. First, keep in mind that the serious overpopulation problem of the earth nowadays in some of the countries and homosexuality can overcome this problem. Second, someone had asked that why all the people must have children even if there is no problem of overpopulation. Homosexual is just existed in a small population on all the culture, thus this has minor or no effect towards the population of people. For addition, homosexuality can fulfill the desire of sexual relationship of the following people: people who do not want children and people who inability to have children. This show that the argument above seems to be used, and sounds like homosexuality can be good. Third, on the other hands, if we read through the history of homose xuality, there are many information about homosexuals do have children. Due to the social disapprobation, many homosexuals had married with person of the opposite sex and had children. This show that the persons who claimed about homosexuality pose a threat toward the society is because of they do not fully understand about homosexuality. And lastly, will human species become extinct if all of the people were homosexuals? This is not true because homosexual can reproduce children via insemination. Society also claimed that homosexuality will posed a threat to children. This is not true because most of the people had misunderstanding that if a homosexual do molestation on children, then that children will also become homosexual. A research about this fact had been carried out and the result is molestation cannot determine children become homosexual or heterosexual. For addition, the molestation of children mostly done by heterosexual compared with homosexual. Besides that, by teaching children about homosexual can help children to feel attracted towards the children with same sex, and also to make children feel better about whom they are because of the loneliness and fear about society reaction among the homosexual. If there is a good teaching, this can help the children to grow up in healthy and self-confident. Furthermore, homosexuals are also human beings, who have the feeling of love and care of the children, which same with heterosexuals. An argument, Homosexuality is a sad lifestyle and very depressing, also been said in the society. First, we must know that the actual reason of a homosexual become sad or depress because a homosexual life will not cause any negative emotion towards any people. So, the society cannot argue that the depression of homosexuality without any basis knowledge. Most of the people sad and depress for another reason, and also there is no evidence shows that the homosexual is sadder. Homosexuals are desire to have sex with different partners, this thought seems to be common in some of the society. This is true, but somewhat bias. To tell the truth, heterosexuals are more desire for sex with different partners than homosexuals. The society cannot just point all the negative argument towards homosexuals. First, the degree of desire is differences between male and female (not between homosexuals and heterosexual). Males have higher degree of desire than female. However, even if someone argued that homosexuals are more promiscuous than heterosexual, this will be fine if both partners agreed with. Therefore, the statement above is just a wrong concept in the society since everyone has different degree of desire and not only for homosexuals. Someone had argued that homosexuality has higher rate to cause AIDS, and other diseases. According to the UNAIDS, there is only five to ten percent of HIV infections caused by male homosexuals, but there is seventy to seventy-five percent of HIV infections caused by heterosexuals. We also cannot conclude that heterosexuals has higher rate to cause disease since the sex-related disease is caused by unsafe sex and this hold for all of the people. Same with other diseases, they are just caused by the negative behavior of the patients. On the same way, the low rate of causing disease among the homosexuals has low or no threat towards the society. To conclude, there is no clear evidence shows that homosexuals has higher rate to cause diseases but in opposite way. Lastly, is homosexuality undermining religious and stability in society? Most of the society agreed with this but it is also a wrong statement. First, it is incorrect to say that religious can bring stability to society. The stability of society is created through a well-functioning society with caring individuals without any religion at all. Second, homosexuals themselves also have their own religions. For example, the conservative people thought that homosexuals are negative towards Christianity (mostly in Western countries), but actually homosexuals are also Christians who having a good behavior. In conclusion, the argument of homosexual is less religious than others is totally wrong in the society. In conclusion, the modern society had not fully understanding about homosexuality and give out only the negative impact of homosexuality. Psychologists and psychoanalysts view against homosexuality Homosexuality is not universally viewed as pathology. In the modern time, the society had set the homosexuality as unnatural act among the people. Therefore, several psychologists and psychoanalysts had pointed out their own view against homosexual. Richard von Krafft-Ebing had defined homosexuality as a degenerative sickness in his Psychopathia Sexualis. He had argued that homosexual behavior is not useful to the society but rather creates a harmless Criminal Class. He noticed that male homosexuals are not more likely to be child molestation. Later, both Sigmund Freud and Havelock Ellis had adopted better and more acceptable views. Havelock Ellis argued that homosexuality was natural and not immoral, thus it is not a disease. He also states that homosexuals made a outstanding contributions to the society. On the other hand, Sigmund Freud, a well known psychologist, had stated the basic theory of human sexuality which was different with Elliss theory. He believed that all human beings were bisexual when born, and when grows up, they will became either heterosexual or homosexual depends on their own experiences in their life with anyone they contact or communicate. On the same way, Freud agreed with Ellis that homosexuality should not be looked as a form of pathology. His view against homosexual also clearly stated in a well known letter to an American mother in 1935. In the letter, he stated that although homosexuality has no advantages, but it is also nothing to be ashamed of, no guilty, no degradation, cannot classified as unnatural disease. He also said that people should considered homosexuality as a sexual development in a human beings. For addition, many highly respectable people are homosexuals include Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Although Sigmund Freuds theories were accepted by most of the society, but later on, some of the psychoanalysts did not follow his view. Sandor Rado (1940 and 1949) had rejected Freuds concepts of inherent bisexuality. He argued that heterosexuality is natural while homosexuality is just a behavior to fulfill the sexual pleasure. Bieber (1962) argued that homosexuality is a result of the relationship within pathological family during the oedipal periods. Charles Socarides (1968), on the same way, though about the causes of the homosexuality and the result was pre-oedipal, even more pathological than earlier analysis. The arguments above seem to be theoretical but it is just based on their own views and may bias. First, the researchers should not pre-expect the result of several experiments to avoid the bias but such procedures have not been used in the studies of homosexuality. Second, psychoanalysts had only examined homosexuals who already under psychiatric care. Therefore the patients views cannot be assumed to represent all of the general population. On the same token, psychoanalysts just draw conclusion about all heterosexuals based on only a few data collected from heterosexual psychiatric patients. Alfred Kinsey, a more tolerant researcher towards homosexuality had conducted a research on the sexual behavior among American adults. His research had revealed that the participants who having the homosexual behavior is because of the point of orgasm after 16 years old. Furthermore, Kinsey and his colleagues reported that only a minority of male and female had homosexuality for at least three years between 16 to 55 years old. This gives a more acceptable concept about the homosexuality in the society An innovative study had been carried out by Hooker (1957). She had given out the question of the difference in psychological adjustment between homosexuals and heterosexuals rather than simply accepting the concepts of homosexuality as pathology. She also recruited a sample of normal behavior, homosexual men in society for research rather than studying psychiatric patients. On the same way, she employed some experts to rate the adaptation of men without any earlier knowledge of their sexual orientation. After that, she conducted three projects tests which are the Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and Make-A-Picture-Story (MAPS) to groups of homosexual males and heterosexual males, which consists of 30 participants each. All of the participants were not in therapy and matched for age, IQ and education. In her projects, she concluded that homosexuality is not inherently connected with psychopathology. Freedman (1971) used Hookers projects to study homosexuality and heterosex uality within women and the result was same with Hooker. Gonsiorek (1982) had conducted various psychological tests of comparing homosexual and heterosexual on he found that both groups regularly graded within a normal range although there is some difference between two groups. He concluded that homosexuality is unrelated to psychological interference. In conclusion, some of the psychologists and psychoanalysts still have negative personal thinking towards the homosexuality. However, most of projects and tests had supported the idea of homosexuality is a form of mental illness nowadays.

Trail Of Tears :: American America History

Trail Of Tears On September 15, 1830, at Little Dancing Rabbit Creek, the Chiefs of the Choctaw Nation and representatives of the U.S. met to discuss the impact of a bill recently passed by the Congress of the U.S. This bill, with all the same good intentions of those today who believe they know better than we how to conduct our lives, allowed for the removal of all Indian peoples to the West of the Mississippi River. It had been made clear to the Choctaw, that the Whites in Washington cared little for our situation, that either we willingly moved, or by military force we would be moved. We were not ignorant savages, but industrious farmers, merchants, and businessmen of all types. We were educated people, many were Christians. We had an organized system of government and a codified body of law. Some of these people were not even Indians, many strangers and orphans had been taken in over the years. The Chiefs and Warriors signed the treaty, realizing they had no option. For doing this the government officials guaranteed, in the body of the treaty, safe conveyance to our new homes. (Do not forget for a moment that in this treaty, the Choctaw traded 10.3 million acres of land east of the Mississippi for 10.3 acres in Oklahoma and Arkansas that we already owned under previous treaties) Further, it included provisions and monetary annuities, to assist the people to make a new start. One half of the people were to depart almost immediately, the rest the next year. After the signing of the treaty, many saw their land and property sold before their own eyes. The "conveyances" promised turn out to be a forced march. At the point of a gun, the pace killed many of the old, exposure and bad food killed most. Rotten beef and vegetables are poor provisions, even for the idle. Many walked the entire distance without shoes, barely clothed. What supplies were given had been rejected by the whites. This cannot directly blamed on the government, nearly all of this was done by unscrupulous men, interested only in maximizing their profits. They government's fault lies in not being watchful of those taken into their charge. Many of the old and the children died on the road. At each allowed stop, the dead were buried. Hearing of this many escaped. They knew that as they signed the rolls, to be "removed", that this might as well be their death warrants.

Comparing Plato and Aristotle Essay -- Philosophy

Comparing Plato and Socrates Plato was among the most important and creative thinkers of the ancient world. He was born in Athens in 428 BC to an aristocratic and well-off family. Even as a young child Plato was familiar with political life because his father, Ariston was the last king of Athens. Ariston died when Plato was a young boy. However, the excessive Athenian political life, which was under the oligarchical rule of the Thirty Tyrants and the restored democracy, seem to have forced him to give up any ambitions of political life. In 388 BC he journeyed to Italy and Sicily, where he became the friend of Dionysius the ruler of Syracuse, and his brother-in-law Dion. The following year he returned to Athens, where he devoted his time to research and instruction in philosophy and the sciences. Most of his life thereafter was spent in teaching and guiding these activities. In 347 BC Plato died, while he's published writings all still live. They consist of some 26 dramatic dialogues on philosophy and related the mes. The philosopher Socrates was a close friend of Plato's family as well as his teacher. Plato's writings attest to great influence on him. This could be a good explanation to why Plato uses Socrates to voice his own opinions about his Ideal State. Book I of Plato's Republic, beings with Socrates, Cephalus, Polemarchus and Thrasymachus discussing justice. Each give their own meaning of justice or dikaiosyne. Cephalus says justice is truth telling and debt paying. He views justice this way because he is an honest and just businessman. Polemarchus, who is Cephalus's son, agrees with Cephalus's definition, but continues by saying justice, is giving each his own due. By this he means, helping one's friend. Finally, Thra... ...syche. Aristotle divides the soul into two portions: rational and irrational, and continues to divide the irrational part. Plato divides the soul into three different parts: the appetitive, the honor loving, and the rational loving. The only similarities here are that both philosophers divided the soul into different parts so that each can be examined. Plato and Aristotle were both great philosophers during their time and in the present. Both their works on Ethics have taught many students a great deal and will continue to do so throughout time. Bibliography: Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 1999. Translated by Iwrin, Terence Plato. Republic. Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 1992. Translated by Grube, G.M.A. Revised by Reeve, C.D.C. www.encyclopida.com www.sparknotes.com

Economics Question Jaibb

PAPER 6 : ACCOUNTING FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES Full Marks : 100 Module A: Introduction and Environment †¢ Purpose, Nature, Uses and Users of Accounting Information, Functional and Operational Definition of Accounting, Accounting Principles, Standards and Regulations, Forms of Business Organizations and Accounting systems. Module B: Analysis of Financial Statement †¢Objectives of Financial Statement Analysis, Financial Statement Analysis, Horizontal and Vertical Analysis, Comparative Financial Statements, Communize Statements, Financial Ration Analysis, Trend Percentage, Specialized Analysis, Cash Forecasts, Analysis of Changes in Financial Position, Break-Even Analysis, Cash Flow Statement, Unadjusted Trial Balance and Adjustments. Module C: Processing and Recording of Accounting Information †¢Transaction, Analysis of Transaction, Accounting Cycle, Recording of Transaction, Double Entry System, Golden Rule of Debit and Credit, Posting of transactions to the Ledger, T Form and Multi Column Ledger, Preparation of Cash Book, Single Column, Double Column and Triple Column Cash Book, Preparation of Trial Balance, Suspense Accounts, Reflection of Errors Adjusting Entries and Closing Entries Accrued and Deferred Revenue and Expenses. Module D: Financial Statements for Different Entities †¢ †¢ †¢Service, Merchandise and Manufacturing Operation: Income Statement, Cost of Goods Sold, Cash Flow Statement, Balance Sheet, Limitation of Balance Sheet. Partnership and Joint Stock Companies: Specific Characteristics of Financial Statements of Partnership – Capital Account, Current Account, Profit and Loss Adjustments Account. Distinguishing Characteristics of Financial Statements of Companies. Banks and Other Financial Institutions: Provisions of Bank Company Act, 1991 (with Amendments), Preparation of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of Banks.Provisions of Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (with Amendments), Preparation of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of Financial Institutions. Module E: Accounting for Assets †¢ Current Assets: Inventory Valuation, Periodic and Perpetual Method for Ascertaining Closing Inventory, Average, Last In First Out (LIFO), First In First Out (FIFO), Account Receivables. †¢ Fixed Assets: Depreciation Methods, Recording of Depreciation, Valuation of Fixed Assets, Depreciation as a Cost Allocation. Module F: Journal Rules for Journalizing †¢Different Types of Journals, Sub-Division of Journals, Posting of Accounts, Ledger, Interpretation of Ledger Account, Writing of Different Types of Cash Book in Columnar Form, Imprest System of Petty Cash, Bank Reconciliation System, Journal Proper. References 1 2 3 4 5 Anthony, Reece – Accounting Principles (Richard D, Irwin, Inc. U. S. A. ). Anthony, Robert N. – Essentials of Accounting (IRWIN, U. S. A. ). Harmenson, Edwards, MAHER – Accounting Principles (IRWIN, U. S. A. ). Khan, Md. Mainuddin – Advanced Accounting (Ideal Library, Dhaka). Weygandt, Kieso Kell – Accounting Principles (John Wiley and Sons Inc. U. S. A. ).

Is Decoherence a Solution for the Measurement Problem

AbstractDe tackiness is fusssidered as wholeness of the chief(prenominal) topics in quantum figuring inquiry atomic number 18a. Some researchers fixd that decoherence crystallise the mensuration hassle and on the former(a) hand many researchers say the reverse gear. In this paper we bequeath prove whether decoherence is a ascendant or non do an exhaustive survey of the unathe likes of ideas, methodologies, and experiments. forefinger TermsQuantum computing, decoherence, criterion puzzle entree Decoherence is considered as one of the important research atomic number 18as since eighties.Quantum decoherence is the Loss of coherence or ordering of the phase angles between the components of a establishment of rules in quantum computing superposition principle and the military issue of this is untainted or probabilistically landitive behavior (Zurek instantly 10 (1991)) curl up liaison topple is the reduction of the fleshly possibilities into a single possibility as seen by percipient ass pound on in quantum decoherence to a fault it justifies the framework and notify predict utilize classical somatogenic science as an acceptable approximation Namiki and Pascazio 1991). However, decoherence is a mechanism that emerges out quantum stating point similarly it de considerationines the location of the quantum classical boundary but decoherence appear when the quantum strategy interacts with its surround in a thermodynamically irreversible counselling and that leave alone to prevent different factors in the quantum superposition of the musical arrangement and surrounds roll out serve well from interfering with severally otherwise Zurek Today 10 (1991)) Decoherence poop be viewed in different federal agencys such as flowing information from the placement to the surround lead to lose information this is cognise as heat bath since severally system is losing around of its energetic recite beca do of its surrou nd environments (Kumar, Kiranagi et al. 012) There is also some other view of decoherence that is called isolation which is the combination of the system and the environment which known as non-unitary on that pointfore the dynamics of the system alone be irreversible also as a result of combination of system and environment the entanglements are generated between them and that will lead to sharing quantum information without transferring these information to the surroundings (Lidar and Whaley 2003) Describing how the wave dish up collaps occurs in quantum mechanics called mensuration worry. The disability of observing the carry out directly lead to different nterpretations count quantum mechanics, also it rises too many qustions that each reading material must answer. However in that respect are some researches provides aprove that the decoherence sourd the measurment worry and some other researchers prove the opposite thus in this paper we will make a comparasion bet ween these 2 different point of views (Kumar, Kiranagi et al. 2012) PROBLEM realisation Decoherence is a real challenge that prevents implementing quantum computers because the machines depose on undisturbed evolution of quantum coherences (Chen, Ang et al. 003), (Flitney and Abbott 2004) Decoherence provides an explanations for the visual aspect of the wave function get together it does non generate actual wave function collapse and that is the nature of quantum systems it leaks into the environment and that done by decomposing the component of the wave function from the coherent system and then applying phases to the environment(Flitney and Abbott 2004) P. W Anderson assigned that decoherence has work the Quantum measuring enigma while S. L Adler prove the opposite. Adler 2002) In this paper, we will conduct a comprehensive survey of the different views and experiments to coif up with a solution for the descent between decoherence and touchstone caper. Decoherence is the Solution Zurek (1991), Tegmark and wheeler (2001), and Anderson (2001) democracyd that decoherence has turnd the quantum criterion bother by eliminating the necessity for Von Neumanns wave function collapse postulate. Osvaldo Pessoa younger wrote an article titled Can the Decoherence nestle Help to Solve the Measurement hassle? He cerebrate that decoherence could help to illuminate meter job in dissonant systems. From that point, he wanted to count on the open systems to solve the measurement enigma of individual systems. He also call downed that decoherence helps to get an approximate solution for the statistical form of the measurement conundrum. Wallace (2011) mentioned that decoherence explains why the measurement problem is a philosophical rather than a hardheaded problem and raised that decoherence could solve the measurement problem.He claimed that the quantum call forth continues to describe the physical state of the population. So, decoherence find s its pictorial role in the measurement problem as the abut which explains why quantum mechanics ignore be fundamentally deterministic and non-classical, but emergently classical. It does not dull the aspect of Everetts proposal, which states that all are equally eccentric of the inherent quantum reality. Decoherence is not the SolutionThe decoherence initiative was to explain the transformation from rangy to conventional by evaluating the relationships of a plan with a determining program or with the environment. It is realistic to think near a large specialized substance or program of pollutants as a dual-lane program boating in waste space. Dynamical Failing Styles Somehow do not like the idea of ill fortune due to professionals trying to rig the mold function improvement so to return loss of the attitude vector in a well described flair.One focusing is to say that the pattern function, or at least an element of it, consistently gets ten-strike in such a agency as to cause localization in the position base. Another way is to add a not unitary term into Schrodingers program. There are suggestions declared that we can infer using caput ability to get the collapse of the wave function Tohmas Breuer at 1996 try to take up these suggestions and apply it to recent results of quantum machines affection parapets on measurement from inside.Tohmas Breuer count on these restrictions to pursue up with a phenomena of subjective decoherence hence he split his article into go againsts. The eldest signal part is measurement from inside and he makes a symboliseation to illustrate why it is im affirmable for an namer to make a differentiation between all states in a system in which an observer is contained and that consider as restriction on the measurability from inside, he conclude that vastger system O learn more parameters to fix its state.However, this will lead to situations that big O can be fixed of each physically possible state by the state of a subsystem A together with some constraint. Second part is EPR-Correlations and he focus on situation which stronger results hold when we take into describe contingent features of quantum machinelike situations for example if we have twain systems A and some environment R then the union of both system A ? R equal to monumental O. also if both systems A and R have Hilbert spaces HA and HR as state spaces then EPR correlations can be obtained in the vector states HA HR .Therefore he conclude that A con not make a distinction between states of O which is make departure only in the EPR correlations between A and R. however observers can only be able to make a measurement of EPR correlations between A and R in A ? R(Breuer 1996) David Wallace wrote his article to grasp two goals the first one is to endue an account of how quantum measurements are dealing with in youthful physics in other word quantum measurements does not involve a collapse of the wave functions also to present the measurement problem from that account spot of view.The second part is concentrate on clarifying the role of decoherence plays in modern measurement theory and what affects it has on the different strategies that have been proposed to solve measurement problem. Wallace concluded that it seems not possible to have a complete understating of the microscopic predictions quantum mechanisms without interpreting the state in a probabilistic way and that because of hoo-ha since quantum states cannot be thought of as probability disseminations in physical states of airs.Therefore it is permissible to try to resolve the incoherence by two ways, the first one by philosophical methods which government agency trying rough to think about how to make a full understanding quantum states so as to come out with a non-incoherent way, also the second way done by making adaptations on the physics which means trying to make a heterotaxy of the quantum mechanics by using some p ertly theory which does not star(predicate) facie lead to the conceptual incoherence.Finally, Wallace state that the natural role of decoherence can be strand in the measurement problem as the process which provides an explanations go out why quantum mechanics, understand can be basically not classical and deterministic, but critically classical(Wallace 2011) Dan Stahlke based on application he made state that the nigh important point of decoherence theory is that it provides understanding about the process of wave collapse. Some systems need to be built in way that it waistband in coherent superposition.However, mark of system that been in superposition can be immediately calculated. Also he stated that decoherence does not give the net solution in the measurement problem but it bring some firing to the matter(Stahlke 1999) Maximilian Schlosshauer makes a distinctive sermon regard the role of decoherence in the buns of quantum mechanics, and focusing of the effectiveness of decoherence regard the measurement problem. He concludes that within a trite interpretation of quantum mechanics that decoherence cannot solve the problem of definite outcomes in quantum measurement.Therefore he mention the effectiveness of environment super filling of quasiclassical pointer states along with the local superposition of interference terms can be put to large use in physical motivation, assumptions and rules regard alternative interpretation approaches that can change the strict Jewish-Orthodox eigenvalue-eigenstate link or make modification on the unitary dynamics to account for the awareness of definite outcomes(Schlosshauer 2005) Elise M.Crull mention in his article that it has been claimed that decoherence has solved the measurement problem. In other hand, some researchers stated that it does not solve the measurement problem. However, the Crull target is Which measurement problem? , thus he vie three questions depending on Max Schlosshauer which has not b ad(p) catalog on the different problems which called the measurement problem(Schlosshauer 2008 Crull 2011) Harvey Brown stated that there are many attempts to proof the unsolvability of the measurement problem in non-quantum mechanics.We can use these attempts for quantum mechanics. These proofs tend to establish that if mechanical interaction between object system A and measuring instrument B is described through a worthy defined unitary operator on the Hilbert tensor product space, so the final state of the A + B together cannot be described by a denseness operator of a specific engaging in that space.Therefore this leads us to a dissolvent in terms of weighted projections which be useful to interpreted as salmagundi of pure A + B states, which are eigenstates corresponding to the pointer position that discernable connected with the instrument(Brown 1986) Ford, Lewis and Connell count on a book Decoherence and the Appearance of a true World in Quantum theory (Giulini, Joos et al. 1996) which state that irreversible coupling to the environment seems to have become widely legitimate and even quite popularDuring the furthest decade, not least through the motley contributions by Woljciech Zurek and his collaborators. And he conclude that usual and simple formulation of quantum measurement gives a good method regard discussing quantum stochastic systems(Ford and Lewis 1986) . Also authors stated that decoherence appear at high temperature with or without dissipation and the time for both cases are the same moreover at zero temperature, decoherence occurs only in the presence of dissipation(Ford, Lewis et al. 001) In 1980s and 1990s techniques are established to calm single ions captured through a gin and to control their state by using laser light and the single ion can be observed using photons with stripped-down interaction with the environment. Photons can observed without cosmos destroyed during interaction together with atoms in designed e xperiment. That leads to make a study regard pioneers that make a ladder for undercoat of quantum mechanics also the conversion between microscopic and microscopic world.The most important stage in haughty the quantum state regard ion is cooling it to the concluding energy of the trap using a common technique called sideband cooling(F. Diedrich, Bergqvist et al. 1989) this technique consists of exiting the ion, increasing inside energy also decreasing the vibration energy(SCIENCES 2012) Bas Hensen starting his discussion by defining the measurement problem and he stated that measuemet problem begin naturally from quantum theorys success through describing the realm regard microscopic particles also permitting them to have definite values for quantities like momentum and position.Then he split the problem into several parts. The first two parts are the problem of outcomes Why does one perceive a single outcome among the many possible ones in equation? , The problem of the collap se What kind of process causes the state of the system to collapse to the outcome one comprehend (in the sense that a repeated measurement yields the same answer)? in these two part he found that in quantum the world must be divided into a wave quantum system and the rest stays in some classical system.Also in accuracy point of view the year is made one way or another in a situation application. The third part is The problem of interference Why do we not observe quantum interference effects on visible scales? in this part author stated that the best way to illustrate this problem by using the double shaft experiment. The experiment shows that the physical setup suggests that sort the probability distribution gained with either one of the slit opened should occur in the probability distribution regard the two slits opened.For this situation of electrons as particles the probability distribution regard course differs, but regard a similar setup using macroscopical particles i t doesnt(Hensen 2010 ) Dieks reviewed several proposals that solved the quantum mechanical measurement problem by taking into account that in measurement interactions there are many unobserved degrees of freedom. He found out that such solutions are unsatisfactory as they stand, and must be supplemented by a new empirical interpretation of the formal state description of quantum mechanics (Dieks 1989).Zurek mentioned in Decoherence, Einselection, and the Quantum Origins of the Classical that decoherence is caused by the interaction in which the environment in effect monitors certain observables of the system, destroying coherence between the pointer states corresponding to their eigenvalues. Then, he mentioned that when the measured quantum system is microscopic and isolated, this restriction on the predictive utility of its correlations with the macroscopic apparatus results in the effective collapse of the wave packet which implicitly states that decoherence did not solve the me asurement problem (Zurek 2003).Elby scrutinized the claim that the measurement problem is solved by decoherence, by examining how modal and relative-state interpretations can use decoherence. He mentioned also that although decoherence cannot rescue these interpretations from ecumenic metaphysical difficulties, decoherence may help these interpretations to resolve out a preferred basis (Elby 1994). Janssen mentioned that the alleged relevance of decoherence for a solution of the measurement problem is subjected to a lucubrate philosophical analysis.He reconstructed a non-standard decoherence tune that aimed to uncover some hidden assumptions underlying the approach. He concluded that decoherence cannot address the preferred-basis problem without adding new interpretational axioms to the standard formalism (Janssen 2008). Busch et al (1996) explained decoherence using the many-worlds interpretation and stated the decoherence cannot solve the measurement problem. Leggett (2005) co ncentrated on the conundrum of Schrodingers cat or the quantum measurement paradox to prove that dechorence is not a practical solution.Other researchers and scientists including Gamibini and Pullin (2007), Zurek (2002), Joos and Zeh (1985), Bell (1990), Albert (1992), Bub(1997), Barrett (1999), Joos (1999), and Adler (2002) stated that decoherence did not solve the measurement problem. Conclusion There is a serious and unresolved quantum measurement problem. Some, like Ghirardi, Rimini, and Weber (1986), try to solve it by modifying quantum mechanics. If successful, such attempts would result in a theory, distinct from but closely colligate to quantum mechanics, that is no longer subject to a measurement problem. That problem may be unsolvable (Healey 1998).